Chapter 1

Front 1

Define the term 'data'.

Back 1

Alphanumeric characters (1)Without meaning (1) not processed (1)

No meaning (1) No structure (1) No context (1)

Front 2

Why does data have no meaning?

Back 2

It has not been described.

Front 3

Define the term 'information'.

Back 3

[addition of] context (1) structure (1) meaning (1)Processed data (1)

Front 4

What does data need to be given to become information?

Back 4

Structure, context and meaning.

Front 5

Define the term 'conveying information'.

Back 5

'Getting a message across'.

Front 6

Describe what is meant by the term 'knowledge'.

Back 6

The application of information (1)Rules applied to information (1)Understanding of information (1)

Front 7

What is a string?

Back 7

A string of data is a set or list of letters, symbols, characters, and/or numbers.

Front 8

What is an integer?

Back 8

Integers are a type of data that are whole numbers.

Front 9

What is real data?

Back 9

Real data is a type of number data that includes decimal places.

Front 10

What is date/time?

Back 10

A date or time; e.g. 12/01/15.

Front 11

What is a Boolean?

Back 11

A Boolean can have one of two values - either 'True' or 'False'.

Front 12

What is data from a 'direct source'?

Back 12

When it is used for the same purpose for which it was collected.

Front 13

Give two advantages of direct sources of data.

Back 13

1) The data that is collected is the data that is needed.

2) The original source data can be trusted for accuracy.

Front 14

Give two/three disadvantages of direct sources of data.

Back 14

1) It can be costly to collect the original data.

2) It can take time to collect the data; it may not be ready in time.

3) It may not be possible to get a large enough sample of data.

Front 15

Give two advantages of indirect sources of data.

Back 15

1) There's no need to wait for the data to be collected as it's already available.

2) Various different sources of data can be used to verify and compare data.

Front 16

Give two disadvantages of indirect sources of data.

Back 16

1) The data may not meet all the needs of the new purpose of use.

2) The data may be out of date.

3) The source may not be trustworthy.

4) The original data may be biased.

Front 17

Describe static data.

Back 17

Static data doesn't change.

Front 18

Describe dynamic data.

Back 18

Data that can be changed (1) automatically (1)

Front 19

How can accuracy affect the qualify of information?

Back 19

If it's not accurate, it is unreliable.

Front 20

How can relevance affect the qualify of information?

Back 20

If it's not relevant, it may be confusing for overwhelming.

Front 21

How can age affect the qualify of information?

Back 21

If it's out-of-date it may be useless.

Front 22

How can completeness affect the qualify of information?

Back 22

If it's incomplete it will be hard or impossible to interpret.

Front 23

How can presentation affect the qualify of information?

Back 23

If it's incomplete it will be hard to interpret or difficult to understand.

Front 24

How can level of detail affect the qualify of information?

Back 24

If it's too detailed, there will be a lot of irrelevant information. If there's not enough detail, the information may be classed as incomplete.

Front 25

Describe what encoding data is.

Back 25

Shortening the original data either by removing a few letters. However, data is not replaced, just renamed.

Front 26

What is numerical representation?

Back 26

When words or descriptions are replaced by numbers.

Front 27

What are abbreviations?

Back 27

Replacing words of descriptions with letters that are related to them.

Front 28

What are value judgements?

Back 28

Used in questionnaires when a respondent is asked what they think about a particular thing.

(For example, 'on a scale of 1 to 10...')

Front 29

Give four advantages of encoding data.

Back 29

1) Less storage or memory needed.

2) Speed of processing data is increased.

3) Speed of input is increased.

4) Data is more likely to be accurate (so it can be validated easily).

Front 30

Give four disadvantages of encoding data.

Back 30

Data is shortened (1) allows more to be stored in samespace (1)

Quicker to enter data (1) less data to enter (1)

Allows validation (1) less chance of error (1)

Front 31

Describe double entry.

Back 31

Asking for the data to entered twice for accuracy.

Front 32

Describe proof reading (manual verification).

Back 32

Visually checking yourself if the data matches the original data.

Front 33

Describe backing up data.

Back 33

A backup of data is a copy of data, used in case the original source of data is lost or damaged.

Front 34

Why should we be archiving data.

Back 34

Legal reasons (1)Speed up computer (1)Free up storage space (1)

Front 35

Describe input.

Back 35

This is data that is entered into the computer system.

Front 36

Describe processing.

Back 36

Processing is the stage where the input data is manipulated in order to produce meaningful information.

Front 37

Describe output.

Back 37

Output is the stage where the information obtained via processing is presented to the user in a suitable format.

Front 38

Describe storage.

Back 38

When information is stored on the system for use at a later date.

Front 39

Describe feedback.

Back 39

Feedback is where the output from a system is fed back into the system in order to influence the input.

Front 40

Define the data validation: type check.

Back 40

A type check will ensure that the correct type of data is entered into that field.

Front 41

Define the data validation: length check.

Back 41

A length check ensures that data is a minimum, maximum or specific length. Only data that meets the length requirements will be accepted.

Front 42

Define the data validation: picture/format check.

Back 42

A format check will ensure that data entered matches a particular pattern.

Front 43

Define the data validation: presence check.

Back 43

A presence check simply ensures that some data has been entered for a particular field. In other words, the field cannot be left empty.

Front 44

Define the data validation: range check.

Back 44

A range check will ensure that data is within an acceptable range. There will be a lower limit and a higher limit.

Front 45

Define the data validation: check digit.

Back 45

mathematical calculation (1) that results in a singlenumber to compare (1)

Front 46

Describe hardware costs.

Back 46

The cost of any equipment that is required to collect or produce information, including the computers needed to process the information and the storage medium to store the information.

Front 47

Describe software costs.

Back 47

The cost of any software that is required.

Front 48

Name four costs of software.

Back 48

1) Initial purchase of software

2) Upgrading software

3) Licences

4) Support costs

Front 49

Name four costs of hardware.

Back 49

1) Original cost of hardware

2) Replacement of hardware

3) Maintenance of hardware

4) Storage of information

Front 50

Describe the cost of consumables.

Back 50

The cost of paper, toners and cartridges are known as 'consumables' and all count towards the costs of producing information.

Front 51

Describe the cost of personnel (man power).

Back 51

The company needs to pay staff's wages and thus personnel (manpower) becomes part of the cost of producing information.

Front 52

Name four costs of personnel (man power).

Back 52

1) Cost of labour

2) Training

Front 53

Describe lookup validation.

Back 53

based on a value cross referencing (1) and returning asingle value/list of values (1)