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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is an isometric muscle contraction?
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No change in length during contraction |
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What is an isotonic muscle contraction? |
A change in length of muscle during contraction
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What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
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The muscle that is lengthening (antagonist)
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What is a concentric muscle contraction?
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The muscle that is shortening (agonist)
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What is flexion?
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Decrease in joint angle. (bending)
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What is extension?
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Increase in joint angle (straightening)
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What is abduction?
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Movement away from the midline
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What is adduction?
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Movement towards the midline
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What is dorsi-flexion?
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Decrease in angle of ankle joint - (naughty toes - toes towards shin)
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What is plantar-flexion?
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Increase in angle of ankle joint (pointing toes)
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Name locations of hinge joint.
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Ankle, knee, elbow
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Name locations of ball and socket joint
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Hip joint, shoulder joint
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Other types of joint.
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Radio-ulna, pivot, gliding, saddle
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Name the four rotator cuff muscles
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Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis |
SITS
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Give three structural characteristics of a slow twitch muscle. |
Small or red
Many mitochondria
High density of myoglobin
High density of capillaries
Low glycogen stores, low PC stores
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Give two functional characteristics of a slow twitch muscle.
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Resistant to fatigue Slow speed of contraction Low force produced during contraction |
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Give three structural characteristics of a fast twitch muscle.
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White Few Mitrochondria Low density of myoglobin Low density of capillaries High glycogen stores, high PC Stores |
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Give two functional characteristics of a fast twitch fibre.
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Fatigue quickly High speed of contraction Large force produced |
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How might the proportion of muscle fibres determine the success of a performer? |
People with a mix of muscle fibre types may perform successfully in both aerobic and anaerobic activity or team games
People with high proportion of slow twitch or Type 1 most likely to perform successfully in endurance activities
People with high proportion of fasttwitch or Type 2 fibres most likely to perform successfully in anaerobic or explosive events |
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What is the effect of a warm up on the skeletal muscle? (Give 4) |
Less risk of injury
Increased Muscle temperature
Increased Elasticity
Increased Flexibility
Greater Speed of muscular contraction
Greater Force of muscular contraction
Improves Performance in power based activities |
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What is the effect of a warm-up on the vascular system? (Give 4) |
Increased Blood flow due to vascular shunt mechanism
Vasomotor control centre redistributes blood from organs to the working muscles
Vasoconstriction Of arterioles or pre-capillary sphincters decrease blood flow to organs
Vasodilation Of arterioles or pre-capillary sphincters increase blood flow to working muscles
Increased Venous return
Skeletal Muscle pump squeezes veins forcing blood back towards the heart
Pocket Valves in veins ensure one way blood flow
Respiratory Pump pulls blood up towards the heart
Smooth Muscle in veins contracts
Increased Venous return increases stroke volume (Starling’s Law)
This all leads to increased oxygen delivery toworking muscles |
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What is the effect of a cool-down on the skeletal system? (Give 3) |
Decreased Risk of Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
Which is swelling that cause’s pain
Experienced 24-72 hours after exercise
Due to microscopic tears in the muscle fibres |
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What is the effect of a cool-down on the vascular system? |
Heart rate gradually decrease
Increased Enzyme activity involved in breakdown of lactic acid
Maintains Blood flow
Skeletal Muscle pump remain active which prevents blood pooling
Vascular shunt mechanism remains active |
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Give 3 physiological factors that affect joint stability. |
Strength of ligaments
Type of joint
Size or strength of muscles
Strength of tendons
Injury To connective tissue, amount of weight supported by joint |
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How can physical activity help joint stability? |
Ligaments become stronger or more elastic
Muscle strength increases, muscle hypertrophy
Increase in number of muscle fibres
Tendons become stronger
Increased thickness of (articular) cartilage |
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What is Osteoarthritis? |
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease
Caused by a loss of articular cartilage
In osteoarthritis cartilage is destroyed quicker than it is replaced
Friction between the ends of bones causes’ pain, swelling,
Bone spurs can be formed where friction occurs
Osteoarthritis commonly affects weight bearing joints, it commonly affects hips or knee's |
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How can P.A develop osteoarthritis? |
An injury to a joint or damage to growth plate can cause onset of Osteoarthritis.
Lack of physical activity or increased body weight can cause onset of Osteoarthritis
Activity with large forces travelling through the joints or contact sport can cause Osteoarthritis
Repetitive actions or overuse can cause Osteoarthritis |
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How can P.A prevent or protect against osteoarthritis? |
Increase thickness of cartilage
Thicker cartilage secretes more synovial fluid thatnourishes joint
Increase joint stability - strengthen ligaments
Strengthens surrounding muscles or increases muscle tone or lower body weight |
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How can high impact sports help prevent Osteoporosis? |
Stronger bones - increase in peak bone density
Reduced risk of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones, making bones more prone to fractures
Weight bearing activities are best to improve bone health. |
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What is Linear Motion?
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a body moveswith all parts moving at the same velocity in the same direction |
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What is angular Motion? |
a body or part of a body moves in a circle or part of a circle around a fixed point. |
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What is general motion? |
there is a combination of linear and angular motion. |
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What does Newton's 1st law state? |
a body will remain in a state of uniform motion or at rest unless an (external) force acts upon it.
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What does Newton's 2nd Law state? |
the acceleration or rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the force (and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.) |
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What does Newton's 3rd Law state? |
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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How can changes in the COM affect performance? |
Lower the centre ofmass the more stable
low CofM performer can resist external forces
Line of gravity within base of support creates a stable position
Line of gravity moving away from centre of base of support reduces balance
Line of gravity outside base of support creates an unstable position
A wide base of support: allows greater movement of centre of mass giving better stability
By moving the centre of mass outside line of action of force a performer can create angular motion.
By moving the centre of mass inside line of action of force a performer can create linear motion
By raising the centre of mass or gravity at take off a body can remain in the air longer or gain more height |
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How is 02 transported in the blood? |
Combines with haemoglobin, forming oxyhaemoglobin. Dissolved in blood plasma
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What is blood pressure? |
The Pressure exerted by blood against the walls of a blood vessel (artery) |
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Give a typical value for blood pressure.
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120/70mmHg
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What is heart rate?
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Beats per minute
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What is Stroke volume? |
Amount of blood ejected from the heart (ventricle) in one beat. (60– 90ml during rest) |
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What is cardiac output?
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Hr x SV (amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute)
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Describe changes in stroke volume from rest to maximal exercise. |
Stroke volume increaseswith exercise intensity
SV reaches a maximum value during sub-maximal exercise
Then SV decreases slightly during maximal exercise
SV decreases at very high exercise intensity
Maximal stroke volume =120–200ml
SV decreases because HR is so high there is not enough time for the ventricles to fill completely during diastole. |
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Identify mechanisms that maintain venous return during exercise. |
Skeletal muscle pump
Pocket valves
Respiratory muscle pump
Smooth muscle
Gravity from above the heart |
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What is Starlings Law? |
More blood returning to the right atrium of the heart
Increased stretch of the heart wall during ventricular diastole
Causing greater force of contraction during ventricular systole
As SV = EDV-ESV, stroke volume increases,
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
Therefore cardiac output increases
More blood returning to the right atrium or heart directly stimulates the SA node which increasesheart rate
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Describe intrinsic control mechanisms that cause Q to increase during exercise. |
Increased venous return
The right atrium stretches, more blood enters ventricles causing them to stretch further
This increases the strength of contraction of ventricles
This increases stroke volume
Body temperature increases which increases heart rate
Cardiac Output increases as cardiac output = SV x HR |
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Describe the conduction system that controls the cardiac cycle. |
1. Atria fill with blood during atrial diastole
2. Pressure builds in the atria, blood travels passively intothe ventricles during ventricular diastole, SA node sends an impulse
3. Impulse spreads across atria causing atrial systole (contraction of both atria)
4. This causes the remaining blood in the atria to be pushed into the ventricles
5. Impulse reaches AV node
6. Impulse continues down the bundle of His
7. Impulse distributed to the purkinje fibres
8. This causes ventricular systole (contraction of both ventricles) from the bottom upwards. |
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What are the adaptations of the CV system caused through exercise? |
Cardiac hypertrophy - increase in strength of the heart
Resulting in increased stroke volume
Decreased resting heart rate
Bradycardia or resting heart rate below 60bpm
Reduction in blood pressure
Capillarisation at alveoli and muscle cell allows for greater gaseous exchange during external or internal respiration
Better vasoconstriction or vasodilation results in increased efficiencyof vascular shunt mechanism
Increased blood volume
More red blood cells
Increased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood - steeper diffusion gradient of oxygen between the blood and the muscles
Increased VO2 max
Delayed OBLA |
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What is CHD? |
CHD is any condition that is detrimental to the efficiency of the cardiovascular system |
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What are risk factors for CHD? |
Hypertension or high blood pressure (systolic bp above140mmHg and diastolic bp above 90mmHg)
Smoking
Poor diet
stress
Diabetes |
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What is Arteriosclerosis: |
A condition where the walls of the coronary arteries become thicker or less elastic
This prevents vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles
Less efficient vascular shunt mechanism |
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What is Atherosclerosis:
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Fatty deposits build up on the arterial walls
Fatty plaque forms in the arterial walls of the heart
Narrowing of the lumen in the coronary arteries so restricted flow of blood to heart muscle
Increased Likelihood of blood clots
Leading to high blood pressure (hypertension),heart attack, angina or arteriosclerosis |
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What is a heart attack or myocardial infarction? |
A sudden and severe restriction or complete blockage of oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart tissue)
Will usually cause permanent damage to the heart wall |
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What is angina? |
A pain in the chest caused by the partial blockage of acoronary artery
Causes a lack of oxygen to the myocardium |
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How can aerobic activity prevent CHD? |
Cardiac hypertrophy resulting decreased resting heart rate
Helps prevent fatty deposits forming in arteries so helps prevent atherosclerosis
Helps prevent arteriosclerosis, maintains elasticity of arteries
Helps prevent heart attack or angina
Helps prevent blood clots forming as reduced blood viscosity
Reduced body weight
Reduce blood pressure
reduced blood cholesterol
reduced LDL cholesterol
LDL cholesterol is high in blood lipids that build up on the walls of coronary arteries causes atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
increased HDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol is low in blood lipids
It will remove LDL cholesterol from the walls of the coronary arteries
This reduces the risk of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
This in turn reduces the risk of angina or heart attack
less chance of fatty deposits building up on the walls of the coronary arteries and restricting the flow of oxygen to the myocardium |
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Why can activity be dangerous for old, untrained or obese? |
Blood pressure will increase to dangerous levels
Increased risk of heart attack
Increased risk of chest pain due to angina
Increased stress placed on the cardiovascular system |
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What are the neural factors that affect heart rate during activity? |
Chemoreceptors detect decreases in O2 or increases in CO2 or Lactic acid
Proprioreceptors detect increase in movement
Baroreceptors detect increases in blood pressure
Thermoreceptors detect increase in blood temperature
Messages are sent to the cardiac control centre (CCC) in themedulla oblongata
SA node stimulated via the accelerator nerve
The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate
increases cardiac output
Q = SV x HR / cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate |
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What are the neural factors that affect heart rate during recovery? |
Chemoreceptors detect increases in the O2 or decreases co2 or Lactic acid
Proprioreceptors detect reduction in movement
Baroreceptors detect decreases in blood pressure
Messages are sent to the SA node via the vagus nerve
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate. |
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What is the vascular shunt mechanism? |
Chemoreceptors detect increase in (pp) CO2
Proprioreceptors detect movement
Baroreceptors detect increasein pressure
Information sent to the vasomotor control centre (VCC) in the medulla oblongata |
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How does the VCC use the sympathetic Nervous System? |
Decrease nerve impulses to the arterioles or pre-capillary sphincters leading to the muscles
Vasodilate the arterioles leading to the muscles
vasodilate the pre-capillary sphincters leading to the muscles
Increase nerve impulses to the arterioles or pre-capillary sphincters leading to the organs
Vasoconstrict arterioles leading to the organs
Vasoconstrict the pre-capillary sphincters leading to the organs |
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How do neural factors affect the mechanics of breathing? |
Chemoreceptors detect decrease in O2 or increase in CO2 or lactic acid
Proprioceptors detect movement
Baroreceptors detect increase in pressure
Themoreceptors detect increase in blood temperature
Messages are sent to the respiratory control centre (RCC) in the medulla oblongata
which stimulates the inspiratory centre
expiratory centre stimulated by baroreceptors or stretch receptors |
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What are the mechanics of breathing during active inspiration? |
Increased stimulation of external intercostals via intercostal nerve
Increased stimulation of the diaphragm via phrenic nerve
External intercostal muscles (EIM) and diaphragm contract harderor more (than at rest)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) or scalenes or pectoralis minor contract
Ribs move up and out morethan at rest - volume or area of thoracic cavity increases more than at rest.
More air rushes into lungs, increased depth of breathing than at rest |
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What are the mechanics of breathing during active expiration? |
Expiration becomes active rather than passive
Stimulation Of expiratory muscles. Additional muscles are used: internal intercostals, rectus abdominus
Ribs move down and in more than at rest.
More air forced out of the lungs, increased rate of breathing from rest
increases minute ventilation
Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume x breath frequency |
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Describe gaseous exchange of 02 at the aveoli. |
Partial pressure in the alveoli is the same at rest as during exercise
Partial pressure in the capillaries is lower during exercise than at rest
Diffusion Gradient is steeper during exercise than at rest
More oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood during exercise than at rest
Hb is fully saturated during exercise but not at rest |
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Describe carbon dioxide external respiration |
Gases move from high partial pressure to low partial pressure
CO2 diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
There is a high partial pressure in the blood
There is a low partial pressure in the alveoli
There is a diffusion gradient between the alveoli and the blood |
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Describe oxygen external respiration |
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood - oxygen diffuses down the diffusion gradient
There is a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
During exercise muscles use more oxygen
So there is a lower partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
There is a steeper diffusion gradient of oxygen
More oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood |
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Describe the process of internal respiration During exercise |
More oxygen is available for diffusion into the muscle cell
Dissociation Curve shifts right meaning a greater dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin
Increase in the temperature of the blood
Reduces affinity of oxygen to haemoglobin
More oxygen being used in the muscle cell
Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the muscle
Increased Diffusion or concentration gradient (of O2)
More Carbon Dioxide or Lactic Acid in blood
Increased acidity/ decrease in pH of the blood / Bohr Effect |
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Describe the effect of carbon monoxide on the transport of 02 in the blood |
Less efficient gas exchange or diffusion
Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide than O2 - less oxygen combines with haemoglobin
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood decreases
Less oxygen is carried or transported in the blood
Less O2 delivered to muscles |
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Describe the effects of altitude on the respiratory system. |
Decrease in atmospheric pressure (air thinner)
Causes increase in breath frequency
Causes an increase in water loss
Decrease in pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air compared to sea level(less oxygen in the air compared to sea level)
Decrease in efficiency of the respiratory system
Decrease in ppO2 in the alveoli
Reduced O2 diffusion gradient at the alveoli
Less O2 diffuses into the blood - decreased gaseous exchange betweenalveoli and blood
Less O2 combines with haemoglobin (haemoglobin is less saturated at lungs)
Less oxygen is transported in the blood - less oxygen is transported to the working muscles
Decrease in efficiency of internal respiration
Reduced O2 diffusion gradient atthe muscle
Decrease in O2 dissociation from haemoglobin to myoglobin
Less O2 diffuses into the muscle cell
Increase in chemoreceptor stimulation
Chemoreceptors detect lower O2 level
Information sent to respiratory control centre (RCC)
Inspiratory centre and expiratory centre stimulated
Leading to increased depth and rate of breathing
Increased risk of altitude sickness or dizziness or nausea or vomiting
Air is dryer
Increased risk of dehydration |
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Describe the effects on performance whilst performing at altitude. |
Aerobic performance deteriorates
Cannot Train at the intensity or for as long as possible at sea level
Reversibility Will occur
VO2 max is reduced
Increase In lactic acid - slower removal of lactic acid
Early Fatigue or OBLA E.g. cyclistsin the Tour de France
Low intensity exercise less affected E.g.mountain walking
Some anaerobic are unaffected
Some Anaerobic performances benefit from lower air resistance E.g. throwing events: discus or javelin will travel further
In some anaerobic activities performance deteriorates
Decreased Tolerance to or buffering of lactic acid
Increased Levels of lactic acid inhibits enzyme action E.g. 200m or 400m or 800m |
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What are the positive effects of training on the respiratory system. |
After 4-6 weeks altitude training increases efficiency of respiratory system (acclimatisation occurs)
Increased number or surface area of alveoli
Increased capillary density at alveoli or muscles
Increased capacity for diffusion at alveoli or muscles
Increased release of EPO
Increased haemoglobin or red blood cell
Increased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Increased strength of respiratory muscles e.g. diaphragm orintercostals or scalenes
Increased Lung volumes or capacity or depth of breathing or tidal volume |
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What is Asthma? |
reduces the amount of oxygen getting in to the lungs
It is a reversible narrowing or constricting of respiratory airways (asthma makes it hard to breathe)
Causing coughing, breathlessness, wheezing, mucus production, chest tightness |
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What are the causes of Asthma? |
Asthma is most commonly caused byinflammation of the bronchus
It is usually brought on by triggers
Allergens e.g. exhaust fumes, pollen, hair and dust
Exercise induced asthma (EIA)
Drying of airways increased by more breathing exercise
More likely with high intensity exercise
More likely when exercising on cold days E.g. Winter sports – cooler air tends to bedrier E.g. Water sports, swimming– due to chlorine |
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What are the physiological effects of asthma on people performing in endurance activities. |
Can cause unconsciousness- can be dangerous
Can limit athletic performance due to reduced function of respiratory system
Less oxygen is supplied to the muscles
Specially limits aerobic athletes who are reliant on oxygen uptake
Tidal volume reduced
Efficiency of gaseous exchange at the alveoli and the muscle reduced
Causing increased levels of lactic acid to be produced -early onset of fatigue or OBLA |
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What methods are available to help control Asthma |
Medical inhalers Blue inhalers e.g. ‘Ventolin’etc. Used during exerciseto relieve symptoms, Used before exercise to relax airways (dilate bronchi)
Brown, beige, white, red, orange e.g. ‘Becotide’ / Symbicort etc Used daily, To reduce inflammation in airways, Inhaled before exercise as preventative measure to improve lung function
Inspiratory muscle Training Use of respiratory equipment to develop strength of respiratory muscles Forced inspiration and expiration exercises e.g. ‘Powerbreathe’ Use twice a day, 30 breaths, Maximal inspiration and maximal expiration
Breathing Control or breathing exercises
Diet Increased intake of vitamins or fresh fruit or vegetables Drink lots of water (to avoid dehydration) Increased intake of fish oils Reduced intake of salt Caffeine acts as a bronchodilator, caffeine now off banned IOC list |
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What are the effects of smoking? |
Smoking Can cause:
Decreased Elasticity of respiratory structures, damage to or irritation of respiratory structures
Narrowing of airways or respiratory pathways
Tar in lungs
Coughing,shortness of breath and wheezing
Increased Likelihood of asthma attack or developing asthma
Frequent lung infections |
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What are the effects of smoking on performance? |
Reduction in performance of endurance athlete (endurance athletes find it harder to compete)
Decreased lung volume or capacity - decreased volume of air or oxygen reaching alveoli E.g. tidal volume, minute ventilation and vital capacity
Reduction insurface area for gaseous exchange or diffusion
Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide
Haemoglobin has ahigher affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen
Haemoglobin Combines with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen during external respiration
Reduced saturation of oxygen with haemoglobin at lungs, therefore reduced ppO2 in blood
increased levels of carbon monoxide in blood
decreased levels of oxygen in blood
Less oxygen delivered to working muscles
Decreased Diffusion or concentration gradient of oxygen
increased diffusion distance for gaseous exchange due to tar build up |
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