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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CH4, CH3CH3, CH3CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH3
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Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane... the names of longer-chain alkanes consist of prefixes derived from the Greek root for the number of carbons + the ending -ane
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Steps for naming
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1. Find the longest carbon chain, if there are two of equal length the more highly substituted chain takes precedence
2. Number the chain such that the lowest set of numbers is obtained for the substituents 3. Name the substituents and arrange in alphabetical order 4. Complete the name |
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What prefixes are included in the alphabetical organization of the substituents?
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Cyclo, iso, and neo are included.
Prefixes like di, tri, t, sec, etc are not. |
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Alkene
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Carbon-carbon double bond; when naming, the backbone is identified as the longest carbon chain containing the double bond.
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Haloalkanes
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Still number so that substituents receive the lowest number possible
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Alcohol
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Replace the -e with -ol; chain is numbered so that the carbon attaced to the -OH receives the lowest number possible. Also: vic diol (two hydroxyl groups adjacent carbons) and gem diol (two hydroxyl groups on same carbon)
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Ether
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Named as derivative of alkane with -oxy; chain is numbered to give ether the lowest position. EX: CH3OCH2CH3= Methoxyethane
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Aldehydes
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Named according to the longest chain containing the aldehyde functional group. Terminal functional group. The suffix -al replaces -e of the alkane.
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Ketone
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Carbonyl group is assigned the lowest possible number; use -one ending.
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Carboxylic acids
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Named with -oic ending and the word acid replaces the -e. Terminal functional group
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Amines
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The longest chain attached to the nitrogen atom is the backbone. The -e is replaced with -amine.
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Isomers
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Chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures (atomic connectivity, rotational orientation, or 3D dimensional position of atoms). Can share most or all properties or can be very different.
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Structural isomer
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Compounds that only share their molecular formula and because their atomic connections may be completely different they often have very different properties.
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Sterioisomers
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Compounds that differ from each other only in the way that their atoms are oriented in space. Includes: Geometric isomers (enantiomers, diasteriomers, and meso compounds) and conformational isomers
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Geometric isomers
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Compounds that differ in the position of substituents attached to a double bond- if the subs. are on the same side, the double bond is called cis; if the subs. are on opposite sides, the double bond is called trans. Also: Z and E used if polysubstitution occurs; z= same side for higher priority subs. (priority determined by atomic number)
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Chiral
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(ENANTIOMER) An object that is not superimposable on its mirror image, usually associated with carbon atoms w/ four different subs. Ex: left and right hands.
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Achiral
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(DIASTERIOMER) describes objects that can be superimposed on its mirror image (like the letter A)
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Configuration
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Spatial arrangement of the atoms of a sterioisomer
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Fischer projection
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A way to represent a 3D molecule in 2D; horizontal lines = bonds that project out of the page; vertical lines = bonds that go back
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Optical activity
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Enantionmers (nonsuperimposible on their mirror images) have identical properties except OPTICAL ACTIVITY; a compound is optically active if it has the ability to rotate plane-polarized light.
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Meso compound
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Compounds with two or more chiral centers cannot have optical activity if they have planes of symmetry
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Conformational isomers
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Compounds that only differ by rotation about one or more single bonds- same compound in a slightly different position (use Newman projections)
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Chair conformation of cyclohexane
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most stable b/c all three types of strain (angle, torsional, and nonbonded) are eliminated
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Bonding orbital
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produced when the signs of the wave function are the same; lower energy
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Antibonding orbital
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produced when the signs are different; higher energy
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Single bond=
Double bond= Triple bond= |
1 sigma bond
1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond 1 sigma bond, 2 pi bonds pi bonds are weaker and it is possible to break one bond of a double bond to leave an intact single bond |
