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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metabolism
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refers to all the chemical reactions that provide energy and the substances required for continued cell growth
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catabolic reaction
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break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules
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anabolic reactions
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use ATP energy to build larger molecules
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stages of metabolism
stage 1: digestion and hydrolysis |
break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream
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stages of metabolism
stage 2: degradation |
breaks down molecules to two- and three- carbon compounds
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stages of metabolism
stage 3: oxidation |
oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and electron transport provides ATP energy
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cell membrane
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separates the contents of a cell from the external environment and contains structures that communicate with other cells
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cytoplasm
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consists of all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and nucleus
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cytosol
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fluid part of the cytoplasm that contains enzymes for many of the cells chemical reactions including glycolysis and glucose and fatty acid synthesis
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endoplasmic reticulum
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rough type processes proteins for secretion and synthesizes phospholipids; smooth type synthesizes fats and steroids
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golgi complex
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modifies and secretes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesizes cell membranes
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lysosomes
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contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest and recycle old cell structures
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mitochondria
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contain structures for the synthesis of ATP from energy producing reactions
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nucleus
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contains genetic information for the replication of DNA and the synthesis of protein
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ribosomes
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sites of protein synthesis using mRNA templates
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ATP
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-energy form stored in cells
-obtained from the oxidation of food -consists of adenine (nitrogenous base), a ribose sugar, and three phosphoryl groups -requires 7.3 kcal/mole (31 kJ/mole) to convert ADP + Pi to ATP |
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NAD+
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-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-contains ADP, ribose, and nicotinamide -participates in reactions that produce a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O) -reduced when an oxidation provides 2H+ and 2e- |
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FAD
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-flavin adenine dinucleotide
-contains ADP and riboflavin (vitamin B2) -participates in reactions that produce a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) -reduced to FADH2 |
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coenzyme A
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-consists of aminoethanethiol, vitamins B5, (pantothenic acid), and ADP
-activates acyl groups such as the two-carbon acetyl group for transfer |
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stage 1: digestion of carbohydrates
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-begins in mouth: salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides, maltose and some glucose.
-continues in small intestine where pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose -hydrolyzes maltose, lactose and sucrose to monosaccharides, mostly glucose which enter the bloodstream for transport to the cells |
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stage 2: glycolysis
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-matabolic pathway that uses glucose, a digestion product
-degrades six-carbon glucose molecules to three-carbon pyruvate molecules -an anaerobic (no oxygen) process |
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glycolysis: overall reaction
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-two ATP add phosphate to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate
-four ATP are formed in energy generation by direct transfers of phosphate groups to four ADP -there is a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
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glycogen
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polysaccharide stored in animals contains a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds
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glycogenesis
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-synthesis of glycogen from glucose
-stores glucose by converting glucose to glycogen -operates when high levels of glucose-6-phosphate are formed in the first reaction of glycolysis -does not operate when energy stores (glycogen) are full, which means that additional glucose is converted to body fat |
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glycogenolysis
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-breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose in the absence of blood glucose
-glucose molecules are removed one by one from the end of the glycogen chain to yield glucose-1-phosphate -this process is triggered by a hormone (glucagon) made in the pancreas and secreted into the blood stream |
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gluconeogenesis
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-the synthesis of glucose from carbon atoms of noncarbohydrate compounds such as lactate, some amino acids and glycerol after they are converted to pyruvate or other intermediates
-required when glycogen stores are depleted |
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citric acid cycle
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-operates under aerobic conditions only
-oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl CoA to 2 CO2 -produces reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 and one ATP directly |
