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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Salinity |
total quantity of dissolved salt in sea water |
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What is the average salinity of the ocean |
35 parts per thousand |
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6 major ions |
Chlorine (cl), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (SO4 2-) |
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Processes by which elements are added to ocean |
river inputs, hydrothermal vents, atmospheric exchanges |
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Processes by which elements are removed from ocean |
scavenging, biological activity |
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Residence time |
how much over how much being added
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Long residence time |
Na, Cl |
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Short residence time |
Si |
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Why is silicate a major ion in rivers and not oceans |
no diatoms in river (nothing using it), diatoms in ocean (used) |
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Why is water a good solvent |
-hydrogen slightly positive -oxygen slightly negative -bent, polar molecule -has space for other substances to dissolve in it |
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Major factors controlling salinity of the oceans |
evaporating, precipitation, river inputs |
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3 main nutrients in ocean |
NO3- (nitrate) PO42- (phosphorous) SiO2 (silica) |
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Limiting nutrient |
-least abundant nutrient -limits growth is there isn't enough |
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Redfield ratio |
-C106 N16 P1 -tells us what biology is using |
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Diatoms ratio |
C106 N16 Si16 P1 |
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Where is red field ratio not useful |
coastal regions (major influences of river input throws off ratio) |
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What colors penetrate the ocean farther than others |
g |
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Importance of bacteria |
respiration (they break down plankton and are reason nutrients enter again) |
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Why are concentrations of nutrients in deep atlantic relatively low, somewhat higher in indian and highest in north pacific? |
-enters atlantic -cold, salty, dense, down wells and sinks -upwelled at pacific -deep pacific=more nutrient rich than deep atlantic (thermohaline circulation) |
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Why is salt (sodium and chlorine) have long residence times in the ocean, do their concentrations vary across the surface of the ocean? how do we adjust for this when looking at concentration of other elements? |
-river inputs, evap, precip., ice -normalize NaCl to take this into account |
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Passive profile |
-straight line -[Cl-] [Na+] -source: evaporation, precipitation, rivers -not biologically reactive -long t res -atlantic=pacific -constant proportion |
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Nutrient-like profile |
-starts at 0 increase at photic zone end (respiration) and steady with depth -[NO3-] [PO42] -"soft parts" -phytoplankton need sunlight -compete for nutrients -regeneration/respiration -bacteria go after plankton when they die -release nutrients back in -so much detritus sinking constantly, builds up -Pacific> -more in deep -No constant prop.
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Silica profile |
-[SiO2] -"hard parts" -diatoms (phytonplankton) look for silica for shells -increase at depth because its hard to break down, heavier= sink faster -more resistant, hang out longer |
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Scavenged profile |
-high at surface, decrease, steady -[Pb] lead -high at surface because of atmospheric input -sticks to sinking detritus and removed from water column -atlantic=pacific -no constant prop. |
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Limited numbers |
-0=limited, constantly being used -not 0=can't be limiting growth |
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Soft vs hard |
phosphorous vs silicon |
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Chemosynthesis |
-energy from chemicals, hydrothermal vents - H2S+O2 = 2S+2H2O+energy |
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Photosynthesis |
-energy from sunlight -CO2 + H2O = CH2O + O2 |
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Hydrothermal activity |
- [Mn] [3He] -high concentrations at vents (3000m) -mid ocean ridges |
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Respiration |
- O2 + CH2O = H2O + CO2
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Oxygen profile |
-O2 -photosynthesis creates oxygen at surface -respiration takes away oxygen, creates CO2 -oxygen increases with depth -cold H2O holds more O2 |
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Carbdon dioxide profile |
-CO2 -never zero-equilibriates with atmosphere -photosynthesis takes away CO2 -respiration creates CO2 -steadies out with depth
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How are nitrogen, phosphorous, silica removes from ocean and moved from surface to depth then depth to surface |
-nitrogen - phytoplankton - silica -diatoms -phosphorous- phytoplankton -they sink form surface to depth -brought up by ipwelling |
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Greenhouse effect |
-methane and CO2= greenhouse gases -gases keep sunlight in warming earth |
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Chemical Oceanography |
field concerned with the chemical and physical nature of seawater |
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Law of constant proportion |
in the ocean the ratio of one major ion in solution to another remains constant |
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Detritus |
dead stuff |
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Marine snow |
most common type of detritus |
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Nutrient regeneration |
take nutrients from organic material and release it for other organisms to take up |
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Na |
-stable, boring, passive profile -from land erosion -removed at subduction -t res=66 mill years |
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Ocean conveyor belt |
deep water currents, only certain places where surface water is colder, denser than cold water |
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Atlantic vs Pacific |
-atlantic saltier, less deep nutrients -pacific fresher, more deep nutrients -been away from surface longer |
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Carbon |
-enters at atmosphere -deep ocean enters by respiration -eventually leaves back into atmosphere -RT same as water going through ocean -moves down fast with sinking material |
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scavenged-element |
-low concentration because aren't regenerated -high at surface because thats where they enter
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Adsorb |
stick to |
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Humidity |
-stops infrared from escaping -water stronger GHE but CO2 controls water vapor |
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Greenhouse effects |
75% CO2 and methane, and some other weird ones that may be important |
