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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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water molecule formation
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covalent bonds (electron sharing), dipolar configuration (asymmetrical), so it has a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side
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bonding angle
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105 degrees, allows formation of hydrogen bonds, give it unusual properties-ability to break ionic bonds, freezing and boiling point elevations, high specific heat
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calorie
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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree Celcius
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different states of water
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solid (ice), liquid and gas with latent heat of fusion/melting (80 calories/gm) and latent heat of evaporation/condensatopm (540 calories/gm)
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constituents of seawater
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major (chlorine), minor (carbon) and trace elements (iron) and ions
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effect of temperature on density of freshwater and the semi-annul overturn of freshwater lakes
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two overturns per year in colder latitudes in colder latitiudes; when 4 degrees celcius is passed
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effects of adding salt to freshwater w/r the freezing temperature and temperature of maximum density
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both the temp. of max. density and the freezing temperatures decrease, but temp. of max. destiny is lower than the feezing temp. in the ocean
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salinity ranges from about ________ ppt in the open ocean and is measure today by ____________
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33-37
electrical conductivity |
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rule of constant proportions
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the ratios of one dissolved substance to another is constant even though salinities vary
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the hydrologic cycle and why it is important
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only about 25% of the water that evaporates over the ocean precipitates over land-the cycle brings dissolved substances to the oceans mostly by rivers
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residence times
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the length of time it takes for a dissolved substance to cycle through the ocean
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gases in the atmosphere and in the ocean, how they are alike and how they are different
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more dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide relative to nitrogen
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carbonate equilibrium and its effete on pH in the ocean
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keeps the ocean slightly basic
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how are nutrients recycled?
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by bacteria depcomosing dead organic material
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small size of oceanic plants are more efficient at removing nutrients from the water because...
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of the high surface area to volume ratios
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what do nutrient vertical profiles look like
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virtually zero in surface waters and increasing deeper-demand by plants is high in the surface so they have short residence times there
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only about ______ of the solar radiation string earth's upper atmosphere actually reaches land and water for heat absorbtion
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1/2
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incoming solar radiation is at _______ wavelengths than the outgoing radiation from the earth
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shorter
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outgoing radiation is strongly affected by _________ and ______ in the atmosphere
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carbon dioxide and water vapor
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carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps outgoing radiation from the earth and that allows
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to keep us warmer than we would otherwise be
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carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are ________ unprecedented in the last 400,000 years
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rising to levels
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The _____ is the greatest emitter of carbon dioxide on a per capita basis
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U.S.
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________ are rising as a result of increase in carbon dioxide
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global temperatures
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consequences predicited by modeling studies for global warming include
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rising sea level
more frequent severe weather events increased disease more forest fires more droughts |
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The residence time of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is aboutt _______
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100 years
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What can we do to decrease carbon dioxide
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reduce our use of, and dependence on, fossil fuels; increase recycling, be more careful in our use of water, etc.
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