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36 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Aphotic Zone
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The dark ocean below the depth to which light can penetrate.
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Calorie
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The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (0.035 ounce) of pure water by 1°C (1.8°F).
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Cohesion
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Attachment of water molecules to each other by hydrogen bonds.
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Compound
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A substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion.
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Covalent Bond
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A chemical bond formed between two atoms by electron sharing.
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Density
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The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
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Electron
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A tiny negatively charged particle in an atom responsible for chemical bonding.
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Element
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A substance composed of identical atoms that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
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Freezing Point |
The temperature at which a solid can begin to form, as a liquid is cooled. |
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Halocline |
The zone of the ocean in which salinity increases rapidly with depth. |
Halo |
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Heat
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A form of energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules.
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Heat Capacity
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The heat, measured in calories, required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1° C. The input of 1 calorie of heat energy raises the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1°C.
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Hydrogen Bond |
A relatively weak bond formed between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen atom of an adjacent molecule. |
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Latent Heat of Fusion
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Heat removed from a liquid during freezing (or added to a solid during thawing) that produces a change in state but not a change in temperature. For pure water, 80 calories per gram at 0°C (32°F).
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Latent Heat of Vaporization |
Heat added to a liquid during evaporation (or released from a gas during condensation) that produces a change in statebut not a change in temperature. For pure water, 540 calories per gram at 100°C (212°F).
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Mixed Layer |
The upper layer of ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth. Depending on local conditions, the surface zone may reach to 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely. |
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Molecule
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A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. The smallest unit of a compound that retains the characteristics of the compound.
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Photic Zone
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The thin film of lighted water at the top of the world ocean. The photic zone rarely extends deeper than 200 meters (660 feet).
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Polar Molecule
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A molecule with unbalanced charge. One end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the other end has a slight positive charge.
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Proton
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A positively charged particle at the center of an atom.
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Pycnocline
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The middle zone of the ocean in which density increases rapidly with depth. Temperature falls and salinity rises in this zone.
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Shadow Zone
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In sonar, the volume of ocean from which sound waves diverge and in which a submarine may hide.
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Sofar Layer
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Layer of minimum sound velocity in which sound transmission is unusually effi cient for long distances. Sounds leaving this depth tend to be refracted back into it. The sofar layer usually occurs at mid-latitude depths around 1,200 meters (4,000 feet).
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Sonar
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Sound navigation and ranging.
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Surface Tension
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The attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area. A surface “skin” on the water capable of supporting needles, razor blades, and even walking insects. |
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Surface Zone |
The upper layer of ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth. Depending on local conditions, it may reach to 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely. |
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Temperature
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The response of a solid, liquid, or gas to the input or removal of heat energy. A measure of the atomic and molecular vibration in a substance, indicated in degrees.
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Thermocline
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The zone of the ocean in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth.
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Water Mass |
A body of water identifiable by its salinity and temperature (and therefore its density) or by its gas content or another indicator.
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Ion
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An atom (or small group of atoms) that becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
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Ionic Bond
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A chemical bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged ions. These forces are said to be “electrostatic” in nature.
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pH Scale
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A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution; numerically, the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. A pH of 7 is neutral; lower numbers indicate acidity, and higher numbers indicate alkalinity.
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Precipitation
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Liquid or solid water that falls from the air and reaches the surface as rain, hail, or snowfall.
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Principle of Constant Proportions
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The proportions of major conservative elements inseawater remain nearly constant, though total salinity may change with location
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Salinity
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A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater, usually expressed in grams per kilogram or parts per thousand by weight. Standard seawater has a salinity of 35‰ at 0°C (32°F).
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Trace Element
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A minor constituent of seawater present in amounts of less than 1 part per million.
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