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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pacific Ocean
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the largest and has the greatest depth
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Atlantic Ocean
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about half the size of the Pacific and not quite as deep
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Indian Ocean
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largely a southern hemisphere body
slightly smaller than the Atlantic |
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Artic Ocean
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about 7% the size of the Pacific
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Sonar
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stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging
used to explore the ocean floor |
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Satellites
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measure small differences by bouncing microwaves off the ocean surface
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Submersibles
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small underwater crafts used for deep sea research
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Two Parts of the Ocean
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Continental Margin
Deep Ocean Basin |
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Continental Margin
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shallower portion of the ocean floor made of continental crust
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Continental Shelf
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part of the continent that is covered by ocean water
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Continental Slope
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steeper slope at the seaward edge of the shelf
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Continental Rise
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raised wedge at the base of the slope formed from sediments that have moved down the slope(formed from rocks and animal remains)
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Turbidity Currents
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very dense currents that carry large amounts of sediments down the slope
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Submarine Canyon
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deep valleys in the slope and shelf caused by turbidity currents(V shaped)
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Deep Ocean Basin
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portion of the basin made up of ocean crust
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Abyssal Plains
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extremely flat parts of the ocean floor
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Seamounts
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isolated volcanic island
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Guyots
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flat-topped submerged sea mounts
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Trenches
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deep, long, narrow, valley in the ocean floor
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Mid-Ocean Ridge
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system of undersea mountain ranges that wind around the Earth
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Three Ocean Floor Sediments
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Terrigenous
Biogenous Hydrogenous |
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Terrigenous Sediment
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consist mostly of mineral grains eroded from land rocks and washed or blown into the ocean
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Biogenous Sediment
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consists of shells and skeletons of marine animals and algea
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Hydrogenous Sediment
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consists of minerals that crystalize directly from ocean water through various chemical reactions
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Oil and Natural Gas
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the main energy products currently being obtained from the ocean floor
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Gas Hydrates
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compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas
most are created when bacteria break down organic matter in ocean-floor sediment |
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Manganese Nodules
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hard lumps of manganese and other metals that precipitate around a small object
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Evaporative Salt
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when sea water evaporates, the salt increases in concentration
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Ocean Water
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mixture of gases and solids dissolved in water
96% Pure Water 4% Dissolved Elements (Cl, Na, Mg, S, Ca, K) |
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Salinity
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measure of dissolved solids in sea water average salinity of the oceans is 35 parts per thousand
evaporation and freezing increases salinity |
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Natural Processes Affecting Salinity
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Iceburgs
Seaice Runoff Evaporation |
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Most Abundant Substances in Ocean Water
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Cl (55%)
Na (31%) |
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Where do Salts and Other Materials Come from in Ocean Water?
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Volcanic Activity in Oceans
Erosion of Land Areas by Rivers Wave Action Along the Shoreline |
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Density
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mass of a substance per unit volume
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Pycnocline
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a rapid change in density with depth
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What Two Factors Affect Density?
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Salinity - dissolved solids make ocean water more dense than fresh water
Temperature - cold water is more dense than warm water |
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Thermocline
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zone of rapid temperature change
colder, denser water |
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Surface Zone
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water temperature higher at surface
waves and currents mix surface water and transfer heat downwards may extend up to 450 meters deep only place where enough light penetrates to grow marine plants |
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Deep Zone
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area of very cold water that extends 1000-4000 meters
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Plankton
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include all organisms that drift with ocean currents
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Phytoplankton
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are algal plankton
are the most important community of primary producers in the ocean |
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Zooplankton
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animal plankton
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Nekton
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include all animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents
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Benthos
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organisms living on or in the ocean bottom
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Three Factors Used to Divide the Ocean Floor into Marine Life Zones
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availability of sunlight
distance from shore water depth |
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Photic Zone
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zone between the upper part of the ocean into which sunlight penetrates
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Intertidal Zone
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zone between high and low tides
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Neritic Zone
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zone that extends from the low tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf
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Oceanic Zone
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the marine-life zone beyond the continental shelf
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Pelagic Zone
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open water zone of any depth
animals in this zone swim or float freely |
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Benthic Zone
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marine-life zon that includes any sea-bottom surface regardless of its distance from shore
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Abyssal Zone
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a subdivision of the benthic zone characterized by extremely high pressures, low temperatures, low oxygen, few nutrients, and no sunlight
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Hydrothermal Vents
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seawater seeps into the ocean floor through cracks in the crust
at some vents water temperatures of 100C or higher support communities of organisms found no where else in the world typically found along mid-ocean ridges |
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Two Factors Limiting Productivity
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Availability of Solar Engery
Availability of Nutrients |
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Producers
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use sunlight of chemicals to make nutrients
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Consumers
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eat other organisms for nutrients
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1st Order Consumer
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herbivores - eat only producers
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2nd Order Consumer
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omnivores - eat plants and animals
carnivores - eat only animals |
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3rd Order Consumer
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top predators
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Trophic Level
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level in a food chain
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10% Rule
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only 10% of the energy at each level goes on to the next
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Food Chains
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linear and involve up to 5 steps
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Food Webs
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involve many steps and complex relationships
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Surface Currents
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move on or near the surface of the ocean
caused by wind affected by wind belts, Earth's rotational effect, and the location of continents |
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Upwelling
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hen cold air rises from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water
brings lots if nutrients to the ocean surface |
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Deep Density Currents
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cold, dense currents that flow very slowly beneath the surface of the ocean
occurs when denser seawater moves toward an area of less dense seawater |
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Wave Period
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the time it takes one full wave -one wavelenggth-to pass a fixed position
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Wave Motion
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wave particles move in a circular orbital motion
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Breaking Waves
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changes occur as a wave moves onto shore
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As A Wave Touches Bottom
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speed decreases
wavelength decreases wave height increases |
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Ocean Tides
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result of the gravitational attraction exerted upon Earth ny the moon
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Tide Range
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difference in height between high and low tide
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Spring Tide
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greatest tidal range
occur at full and new moon phases |
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Neap Tides
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lowest tidal range
occur at first-quarter and third-quarter phases |
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Flood Tide
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a rising
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Ebb Tide
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a falling
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Bay of Funday
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has the greatest tidal range
and average of 50ft difference between high and low tides |
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Beach
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deposit of sand or rock fragments along an ocean floor
form where amount of fragments moving toward shore is greater than amount moving away |
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Longshore Transport
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near shore current that flows parallel to the shore
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Two Shore Line Features
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Erosional
Depositional |
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Barrier Islands
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narrow sandbars prallel to, but seperate from, the coast at distances from 3 to 30 kilometers off shore
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Groins, Breakwatersm and Seawalls
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structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach
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Breakers
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foamy mass of wtaer that washes onto shore
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Rip Current
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strong surface current that flow away from the beach
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Tsunamis
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"tidal waves"
more appropriately called siesmic sea waves long wavelength long periods low height-until they reach land |
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Crest
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the top of a wave
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Trough
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lowest part of a wave, between consecutive crests.
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