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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is teh sonographic appearance of a dysgerminoma?
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-solid homogenous and irregular definition
-foci of necrosis and cystic degeneration -radiosensitive -remove ovary -female seminto male - |
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what is the most common malignant neoplasm of childhood? explain it?
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DYSGERMINOMA:
-ages 10-30 -rapidly growing -metastatic spread via the lymph system -highly radiosensitive |
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what is a theca lutein cyst, and what are the symptoms of it?
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-cuased by increase b-hCG
-multiple cysts which means enlarged ovaries(up to 20cm) Symptoms: Nausea and vommitting |
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what are the types of sex cord stromal tumors? what sets them apart from other ovarian neoplasms?
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-fibroma
-thecoma -granulosa cell tumor -sertoli leydig tumor(arrenoblastoma) -meigs syndrome (all solid) |
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what are the sonographic freatures of ovarian carcinoma that suggest malignancy?
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-poorly defined border
-multiple cystic areas containing irregular solid material -ascites -solid ovarian mass -bilateral -low resistance doppler flow -5cm mass w/ large mural nodule and septal nodule |
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what are the cliical symptoms of acute and chronic TOA? what is the sonographic appearence of it?
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ACUTE:
-nausea -vomitting -abdominal pain -leukocytosis -fever, chills -abdominal distension -high erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ES) CHRONIC: -asymptomatic -vaguly symptomatic SONOGRAPHICALLY: -loculations w/ irregular borders |
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serous cystadenoma
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-most common benign tumor
-reproductive and post meno -rapid growing -large and thin walled septa -unilateral - |
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what is the clinical presentation and sonographic appearence of pseudomyxoma peritoni?
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clinical: very sick pateint if benigh, and metastatic implants if malignant.
-SONOGRAPHIC: -thick, solid mass adjacent to abdominal wall or -focal, small echogenic masses adjacent to peritoneal surface outlined by ascites |
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what pelvic diseases are bilateral?
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(steps)+CA
s-stein-leventhal(PCOS) t-theca lutein cysts e-endomtetriosis p-PID s-salpigitis mets-krukenberg ovarian CA |
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Pseudomyxoma peritoni
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-associated w/ mucin producing tumors\
-thick gelatenous material produced by tumors may implant on oeritoneum -can also be caused by mucocele of the appendix(more common) |
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hydrosalpinx
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-usually post PID due to adhesive processes(endometriosis)
-pus in pyosalpinx resorbes and is transformed into fluid -fluid is trapped in fallopian tube -represents chronic infection |
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parovarian cyst(paratubualar cyst)
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-usually simple
-assymptomatic -wolffian duct remenatns -located in broad ligaments -sonographicallys appear as simple cyst adjacent to the ovary |
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what is the sonographic appearence of mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma?
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-shaggy appearence
-cystic mass w/multiple septa -septa thicker than serous -may contain papillary bodies -possible ascites - |
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corpus luteum cyst of menstration and pregnancy
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-reproductive age
-post ovulatory -filled w/blood and serous fluid -produce progesterone and estrogen to a lesser extent. -less than 2.5 cm w/menstration, angd <10 w/ pregnancy -hyperechoic rim(ring of fire) -regress by 16 weeks pregnancy |
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Mucous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
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-reproductive or post meno
-10% of ovarian carcinomas -unilateral |
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what are the classifications of ovarian neoplasms?
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-stromal tumors(5%)
-Epithelial(75%) -Germ cell tumors(20%) |
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what are the benign ovarian neoplasms?
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"tera anc christine paquinoma seriously mucked and froliced and with the defibrilator"
-teratoma(dermoid) -cystadenoma(serous & mucinous) -functional cysts -thecoma -fibroma |
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dysgerminoma
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-rare
-malignant -young people(10-30) -unilateral -rapid growth -spred by: -rupture of capsul;e -peritoneal spread -lyphatic routes |
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What are theca lutein cysts associated with, and what is the sonographic appearence of them?
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ASSOCIATED WITH:
-GTD- -ovarian hyperstimulation due to infertility drugs -RH incompatibility -multiple pregnancies -diabetes SONOGRAPHIC: --bilateral -multilocular cysts -thin walled -large |
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PID
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-infection and inflammation of reproductive organs and peritoneal surfaces
-usually retrograde source -risk factors: -increases sexual activity IUCD users, smoking |
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mucinous cystadenoma
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multilocular, usually benign, tumor produced by ovarian epithelial cells and having mucin-filled cavities
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acute PID
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-fuzzy outline of the uterus
-bilateral adnexal masses -clinical symptoms of uterus and ovaries feel fixed due to adhesions and fivrosis formation in pelvis |
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what are the different types of epithelial tumors?
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-serous cystadenoma
-serous cystadenocarcinoma -mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma -pseudomyxoma peritonei -brennner tumor |
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what dp androblastomas look like songraphically? what is a differential diagnosis for them?
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SONOGRAPHICALLY:
-solid w/ cystic components -lobulated -encapsulated -2-30 cm in size -unilateral DIFF DX: fibroid(need to distinguish origin) |
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arrenoblastoma: what is it, when does it occur, what is the clinical appearence?
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-sertoli-leydig tumor/androblastoma
-"sir" or"andro"=masculinizing -25-45 yrs. -ammenorrhea dn infertility |
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what are the different types of germ cell tumors?
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-dermoid/teratoma
-dysgerminoma - |
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what does pseudomyxoma peritonei cause?
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loculated ascites and a mas effect
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meig's syndrome
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triad of ascites, pleural effusion, and benign ovarian tumor
-classically on the rt side |
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what do granulosa cell tumors look like clinically and sonographically?
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clinically:
-feminizing and precosious puberty sonographically: low level homogenous echo |
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brenner tumor and sonographic appearance
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-uncommon
-solid -epithelial -2% of neoplasms -over 40 age group -estogenic-present w/ irregular bleeding -rare assoc w/ meig's syndrome -echogenic mass w/ small cystic spaces |
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theca cell tumors(thecoma)
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-benign, solid unilateral mass
--menopausal and post menopausal -estrogen producing -unilateral |
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krugenburg tumors
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-aka ovarian metastasis
-bilateral -solid ovarian mets containing mucin filled cells -usually from Gastric CA, or bowel, pancreas, or breast |
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endometriosis
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-ectopic endometrium(functional tissue outside normal endometrium)
-implants form endometrial cysts -endometriomas(chocolate cysts) are found throughout the pelvis |
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name and describe the stages of PID?
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EDOMETRITIS:
-thich heterogenous endometrium -fluid in endometrial canal STAGE 2-SALPINGITIS: -tubular shaped distension -cogwheel sign -acute or chronic -hydro, hemato, pyosalpinx STage3:tubo-ovarian abscess: -usually bilateral -pyosalpinx and adhesions and fixed pelvic peritonitis -fitz hugh curtis syndrome |
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depo-provera
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-shot of progesterone that lasts 3 months
-prevents ovulation, mucous changes |
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how do you figure out the LMP w/ a IVF baby?
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the day of transfer=day 14
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progesterone
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hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that prepares the endometriume to receive the egg
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nuva ring
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-inserted into the vagina
-three weeks in, one week out -releases estrogen and progesterone -no ovulation -thickened mucous -see shadows at the top of the vagina |
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what are the classifications of infertility?
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primary-inability to produce ova or sperm
secondary-inability to transport fertilized egg to uterus(damage, adhesions, absence or obstruction of fallopian tubes) |
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ART
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Assistive reproductive technology:
-all procedures involving removing eggs to help a women become pregnant -includes: IVF, GIFT, ZIFT |
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what are the drugs used for follicular stimulation? what do they do?
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clomoid and pergonal-replicated FSH and LH so it makes lg. follicles
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what are the advantages and disadvangtages of depo-provera as a contraceptive?
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what are the advantages and disadvangtages of depo-provera as a contraceptive?
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clomid
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clomiphene citrate(cc)-stimulates the pituitary to secrete increasing amounts of FSH
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pergonal
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aka HMG(human menopausal gonadotrophin)
-natural hormone extracted from urine of Post meno women -results in increased FSH and LH |
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what are the main causes of infertility?
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Tubal obstruction
uterine ovarian |
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what is seen w/ increased progesterone and estrogen
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thin endometrium
small follicles |
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what is the clinical and songoraphic appearence of ascherman's syndrome?
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CLINICALLY:
-amenorrhea -dysmenorrhea SONOGRAPHICALLY: -thin endometrium -endometrium may be restored aftery lysis of adhesions and hormonal stimulation |
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what are some fertility druges, and explain them
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-clompiphene citrate(clomid)-increases FSH; is safer and cheaper
-HMG(pergonal)-increases FSH and LH -hCG-stimulates follicular maturation and ovulation. Used in combination w/ clomid and hMG |
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how are follicles measured? how quickly do they grow? what is the size of mature follicles prior to ovulation?
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-measure the larges 3 on each ovary
-grow 2mm/day -mature follicles=1.6-2.8cm |
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what are the clinical manifestations of OHS
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-pain
-weight gain -electrolye imbalence -ascites -pleural effusion -extreme increase in serum estradiol -edema of ovarian stroma |
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OHSS
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associated w/ ART:
-potentially dangerous complication w/ hormone induction -occurs 5-8 days post HMG -associated w/ ascites/ pleural effusion -doesn't occur in the absence of HCG -look sonographically w/ theca lutein cysts |
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what are some examples of tubal obstruction?what are some examples of tubal obstruction?
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-ectopic pregnancy
-endometriosis -PID |
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laminaria
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derived from seafood; causes natural cervical dialation
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medical abortions
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drugs: mexotrexate and misporostol:
-up to 49 days LMP -pregnancy end in a day or two -may take up to 4 weeks to terminate |
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The patch
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-band-aid like patch
-changed weekly; 3wks on, 1 wk off -estrogen and progesterone -ovulation doesn't occur -thickened mucous |
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what procedures are included in infertility management?
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-artificial insemination
-ovulation induction alone(or w/ drugs) -ovulation induction w/ IVF -GIFT-gamete intrafallopian transfer -ZIFT |
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ICSI
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intracytoplastic sperm injection
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what are the types of abortion?
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1. medical abortion-<7 wks
2. suction and curritage(vaccuum)(6-14 wks) 3. D&E-dialation and evacuation(15-19wks) |
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what are some examples of ovarian causes of infertility?
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-PCOD
-hypothalamic amenorrhea -LUF-luteinized unruptured follicles |
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arteriovenous calcifications
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vascular plexus of arteries and veins without an intervening capillary network
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what are the risks of IUCD usage?
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-with pregnancy increases spontaneous abortion
-removal may initiate abortion -ncreases risk of ectopic pregnancy -increased risk of preterm labor |
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what is seen in hysterectemy patients after surgery?
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vaginal cuff
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IUCD
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-placed in the uterine cavity providing a hostile environment which discourages implantation by producing an inflammatory response
-WBC's are produced which are toxic to sperm -ovulation not impared |
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what are some normal varients of thcervical fibroidse uterus?
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Prominent arcuate arteries:
-prominant anechoic circles that may be confirmed with color doppler. Calcified arcuate arteries: -aka moncheberg's sclerosis -presents postmenopausally as rominent hyperechoic foci in the myometrial periphery- |
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tamoxifen
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an antiextrogen drug used in treating carcinoma of the breast
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name some abnormalities with fallopian tubes
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-bilatieral abscence is rare
-duplication is rare -unilateral abscence is associated w/ unicornis -patency demostrated by hysterosalpingotram sonohysterography |
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adenomyosis
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ectopic stratum basalis(edmodmetrial) tissue within the myometrium(usually posterial wall)
-stratum basalis does not bleed with hormone stimulation |
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why, with congenital uterine anomolies, is there an increased rate of miscarriage and preterm dellivery?
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-increased weakness of cervcal muscles
-decreased intrauterine space -decreased vascularity of placental implantation site -septate uterus associated with 1, 2nd trimester loss. -congenital anomolies associated with uterine rupture |
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Endometrial hyperplasia
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-may be related to chronic estrogen stimulation
-most common cause of uterine bleeding -premonopauseal uterus>14mm -postmenopausal uterus>8mm -may be precurser to endometrial cancer |
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when do the utovaginal ducts obtain lumens?
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between 7-12 weeks
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what are the causes of endometriosis?
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-menstral reflux through fallopian tubes
-embryonic error of menstral system |
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when does endometrial carcinoma most frequently occur?
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-obesity
-hypertension -diabetes -short stature -more common in jewish women |
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what are the 3 pelvic findings that may be influids by tomoxifen therapy?
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-thickened endometrium
-endometrial polyps -endometrial CA -endometrial cystic hyperplasia |
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What are the 4 possible risk factors for adenomyosis?
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trauma:
-childbirth -uterine instrumentation -chronic endometritis -hyperestrogenism |
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cervical cancer
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-affects menstral age women
-associated with: -early sex encounters -multiple sex partners -exposure to herpes2 -usually affects squamus cells |
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what is the clinical presentation of endometriosis?
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-dysmenorrhea
-dysmarunia -infertility -pain 24-48 hrs before menstration -normal uterus |
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ectocervix
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a portion of the canal of the uterine cervix that is lined with squamous epithelium
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most common presenting symptoms of adenomyosis?
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-uterine enlargement
-pelvic pain -dysmenorrhea -menorrhea |
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what are some diff dx for dysmenorrhea?
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-endometriosis
-salpingoophoritis -acute uterine retroersion |
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what are the 4 causes of secondary cervical stenosis?
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-cervical carcinoma
-radiation therapy -cone biopsy -post menopausal cervical atrophy |
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cervicala polyps
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-irregular bleeding
-begnign -multigravidas -attached with a pedicle -canal may appear thicker than usual -usually asymptomatic. |
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if myometrial cysts are present with adenomyosis, what does this indicate?
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indicates that dialated glands in ectopic endometrial tissure exists.
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What are some diff. dx. for dyspareunia?
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-endometriosis
-PID |
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intrauterine synechiae
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found in women with posttraumatic history(curretage, and/or infertility)
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What will the ankle arm index be like in the presence of tibal aterial calcification in the diabetic patient?
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May be in the normal range or abnormally decresed, yet falsely elevated. May indicate the presence of disease or no disease. In either case, the pressures may be artificially elevated due to calcification making the veseels harder to compress.
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If you are scanning a patient with CW for lower extermity arterial study, and you increase the angle of the probe, what would happen to the frequency shift? What would happen as a result of this?
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Increaseing the angle would lower the freqency shift, causeing the sound to be lower pitched
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In order to minimize error during measurement of systolic pressures usuing a manometer with 2mmHg marks, what should the deflation rate be?
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-2mm/heart beat
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A damped doppler velocity waveform of the subclavian artery isolates a significant stenosis where?
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Proximal to the point of insonation.
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What are normal valused in the TcPO2 assessment?
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60-80mmhg
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What is the normal ankle pressure response to reactive hyperemia?
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a transient decrease of approximatedly 20%
-this decrease is normally quite brief and may not be registered unless pressures are taken immediately on the thigh cuff |
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What would a clenched fist do to a brachial waveform?
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-increase pulsitility index due to much greater distal resistance
-more pulsitile doppler waveform -decreased diastolic flow. |
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What condicitoin typically shows up on antio as a string of beads appearance?
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firbromuscular dyplasia
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What is CT mainly useful in the lower extremitiies for detection of what?
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Femoral, or popiteal aneurysm
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What is the "kissing stent" antioplasty technique useful for?
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bifercations-method of deploying the balloon as to avoid occlusion of one branch while dialating the other. Can be used anywhere, even cronary arteries
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What is the most effective lytic treatment for acute arterial thrombosis?
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urokinase or streptokinase
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OF the following, which would be the most likely result of increased portal venous pressure? Why?
-cavernous transformation -aortic dissection -hepatic artery aneurysm -enlarged coronary vein -each of these is equally likely |
enlarged coronary vein:
-THe coronoary vein drains the splenic vein, so when the pressure in the portal system is increased, the coroary vein becomes enlarged. |
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What is a sponteneous splenorenal shunt associated with? What would it connect?
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Associated with portal hypertension.
-Connects the splenic vein and the left renal vein. -This happens so that flow from the intestines reaches the IVC w/ abnormal portal vein resistance(ie. cirrhosis) |
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What vessels should you evaluate to check blood flow in the splachnic arteris?
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Celiac artery, SMA, and IMA
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What has to happen for something to be considered intenstinal ishemia?
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Intestinal stenosis must be present in at least 2 of the main supplying arteries(celiac, SMA, or IMA)
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With inspiration, what will usually happen to a doppler signal from the subclavian vein?
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it will augment
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What is normal flow in the hepatic vein?
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Bidirectional-due to its proximiaty to the right atrium, it reflects pressure changes.
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Why is the incidence of psuedoaneurysms increasing?
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due to the increased amount of transluminal procedures.
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What is a normal penile/brachial systolic pressure ratio?
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>0.75 at rest, and not decresing by more than 0.15 after exercise
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What is an abnormal flow rate for radial artery/cephalic vein dialysis fistulats?
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<200ml/min
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What should the digital/brachial systolic pressure ratio in an extremity with a dialysis fistula usually?
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should not be measured because BP shouldn't be taken over dialysis grafts.
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What happens to the flow in the proximal artery and proximal vein in a dialysis fisutla?
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Proximal artery becomes low-resistant since the fistula ad vein offer much less resistance than the usualy vascular bed.
-flow in proximal vein becomes somewhat pulsitile because of direct arterial inflow and higher volume. |
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what is the difference btw congenital and aquired fistulas?
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Congenital-many small channels
Aquired-one small channel. |
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What is the internal mammary artery a branch of?
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Subclavian
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In liver transplants, where is the native common hepatic artery aastamosed to the donnor hepatic artery?
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Several cm prox to the hepatic hilum.
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MS alfa Fetoprotien
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-aka glicoprotien(analyze fetal amniotic fluid)
-produced by the YS in the embryonic stage, and the liver in the fetal stage -located in fetal tissue, AF and MS -in nanograms/Ml MOM -NTD's most common fetal anaomoly associated w/ elevation -abdominal wall defects second most common -decreased levels associated w/ chromosomal anomolies |
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MS-hCG
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MS chorionic Gonadotropin
-synthesized by the placenta -trisomy 21>2.5MOM(multiples of mean) -most sentitive marker in prenatal trisomy screening |
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what is the clinical presentation of an ectopic pregnancy?
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-positive pregnancy test
-cramping -pain -shoulder tip pain -other |
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what factors increase a womens' risk of prolapse?
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-number of vaginal deliveries
-delivery of a large infant -increasing age -frequent heavy lifting Conditions that contribute: -chronic obstructive lung disease -chronic constipation -obesity |
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MS Unconjugated Estriol(Ms-uE3)
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Production is under the control of the:
1. placenta 2. fetal adreals 3. fetal liver 25% ;pwer om [regmamcoes affected bu trisomy 21 |
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what is the other sceen for the quadruple scree vs. the triple screen?
|
Dimetric inhibin A(a placental protien)
-Elevated in down syndrome |
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what are the causes of incresed MS-AFP?
|
-NTD's-most common
-GI obstruction(baby not swalling) -Fetal Demise(baby breaks down) -Incorrect dates -multiples(AFP from 2 livers) -abdominal wall defects -renal aomolies/potter's syndrome(bilateral abscence of kidneys) -maternal liver disease -cystic hygroma -normals -skin disorders |
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PAPP-A
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pregnancy associated plasma protien-A
-1st trimester screen -derived from trophoblastic tissue -diffuses into maternal blood stream -decreased levels in aneuloidy |
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Fetal demise
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-who defined as death over 20 weeks w/ fetus weighing over 500 grams
-sonographic visualization of fetus prior to 20 weeks is missed abortion |
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explain how AFP's change w/ a change in gestational age?
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-FSAFP and AFAFP increases to 14 weeks then decreases
-MSAFP increases until 32 wks |
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w/ edwards syndrome, what is sonographically different?
|
-orbits are too far apart
-small orbits -extended/overlaping digits -omphalocele(associated w/ chromosomal abnormalities) |
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what markers are increased/decreased with trisomy 21?
|
-hCG and Dimetric inhibin A are increased
-AFP and uE3 are decreased |
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what are the causes of facial anomolies
|
-developmental/inherited
-affected by drugs/alcohol -chromosomal aberation |
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what is the schisencephaly due to?
|
-clefts due to an obstruction of the MCA
-triangular defect |
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when might microcephale be diagnosed sonographically
|
24 wks
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DWM
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-occurs 1é30,00
-4th ventricle connects with the cisterna magna -due to obstruction of the foramina of luschka and magendie -cyst in post. fossa and defect involving cerebellar vermis(may be partial or complete) |
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what are remants of brain tissue called
|
angiomatous stroma or cerebrovasculosa
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what are the sonographic features of microcephaly?
|
-small BPD, but normal other measurements
-Increased or decreased HC/AC ratio -sloping forehead -poor cranial growth on sonographic follow-up -abnormal cerebral architecture -intracerebral calcifications suggestive of infection(parvovirus/cytomegaloviris) -diagnosis made w/ serial exams -may not be evident until 3rd trimester. |
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holoprosencephaly
|
-results from incomplete cleavge of prosencephalon
-results in abnormal single large midline ventricle -assoc. with midline facial abnormalities(single nostril, or one orbit) -assoc. with chromosomal abnormalities(esp. trisomoy13 & 18) |
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what does hydarnenecephay result from?
|
-ICA occlusion(most common)(vascular accident)
-infection(toxoplasmosis, herpes virus) |
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porencephalic cyst
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-cystic area of the brain that sometimes communicates with the ventricle
-single or multiple -no mass effect -due to intracranial hemorrhage or tissue nectosis resorption -milder form of hydroanencephale -cystic cavities within normal brain tissue -infarction or hemorrage into brain tissue |
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what is the sonographic appearance of agenesis of the corpus callosumÉ
|
1)lateral displacement of lateral ventricles
2)enlarged apical and occipital horns 3)absent CSP 4)sunburst sign-increase suci from Intrahemispheric fissure(observed in last trimaster) 5)absence of CSP by 17-20 wks because it should be seen at 12wks 6)mild hydrocephalus 7)3 line appearance where the falx should be |
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what are the sonographic features of an anencephaly
|
-cranial contents identified 12-15 wks
-acrania with absent intracranial structes -face and orbits present -normal or polyhydraminios -vasc. malformation -increaased fetal activity -sulci present |
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give the causes of antepartum fetal deaths
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30%-asphyxia-IUGR, prologed gestation
30%-maternal complications-placental abruption, hypertension, preeclamsia, diabetes mellitis 15%-Congenital malformation, chromosomal anomolies 5%-infection |
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Triple Marker screen(TMS)
what is it? |
-optional blood test for pregnant women
-performed at 15-20 wks -measures markers produced by the fetus and/or the placenta |
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PAPP-A
|
pregnancy associated plasma protien-A
-1st trimester screen -derived from trophoblastic tissue -diffuses into maternal blood stream -decreased levels in aneuloidy |
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MS Unconjugated Estriol(Ms-uE3)
|
Production is under the control of the:
1. placenta 2. fetal adreals 3. fetal liver 25% ;pwer om [regmamcoes affected bu trisomy 21 |
|
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what markers are increased/decreased with trisomy 21?
|
-hCG and Dimetric inhibin A are increased
-AFP and uE3 are decreased |
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|
medical abortions
|
drugs: mexotrexate and misporostol:
-up to 49 days LMP -pregnancy end in a day or two -may take up to 4 weeks to terminate |
|
|
what are the types of abortion?
|
1. medical abortion-<7 wks
2. suction and curritage(vaccuum)(6-14 wks) 3. D&E-dialation and evacuation(15-19wks) |
|
|
laminaria
|
derived from seafood; causes natural cervical dialation
|
|
|
what is the clinical and songoraphic appearence of ascherman's syndrome?
|
CLINICALLY:
-amenorrhea -dysmenorrhea SONOGRAPHICALLY: -thin endometrium -endometrium may be restored aftery lysis of adhesions and hormonal stimulation |
|
|
what dp androblastomas look like songraphically? what is a differential diagnosis for them?
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SONOGRAPHICALLY:
-solid w/ cystic components -lobulated -encapsulated -2-30 cm in size -unilateral DIFF DX: fibroid(need to distinguish origin) |
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what is teh sonographic appearance of a dysgerminoma?
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-solid homogenous and irregular definition
-foci of necrosis and cystic degeneration -radiosensitive -remove ovary -female seminto male - |
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arrenoblastoma: what is it, when does it occur, what is the clinical appearence?
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-sertoli-leydig tumor/androblastoma
-"sir" or"andro"=masculinizing -25-45 yrs. -ammenorrhea dn infertility |
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brenner tumor and sonographic appearance
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-uncommon
-solid -epithelial -2% of neoplasms -over 40 age group -estogenic-present w/ irregular bleeding -rare assoc w/ meig's syndrome -echogenic mass w/ small cystic spaces |
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what are the types of sex cord stromal tumors? what sets them apart from other ovarian neoplasms?
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-fibroma
-thecoma -granulosa cell tumor -sertoli leydig tumor(arrenoblastoma) -meigs syndrome (all solid) |
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what does pseudomyxoma peritonei cause?
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loculated ascites and a mas effect
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nuchal thickening
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-thickening of skin on back of neck seen on the cerebellar veiw
->6mm@16-20wks=abnormal -outer edge of bone to outer skin edge -downs syndrome in 20-40% |
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macroglossia
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-enlarged tounge prenatally
-often protruding -beckwith-wiedemann syndrome -hypothyroidism |
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hypertelorism
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-increased intraorbital distance
-may be isolated or part of a syndrome -assoc. anomolies: -craniosynostosis -anterior cephalocele -median cleft syndrome |
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cebocephaly
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-flat and rudimentry nose
-hypotelorism -single flat nostril -absent philtrum of upper lip -assoc. w/ holoprosencephaly |
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what are some associated anomolies w/ cleft lip?
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-skeletal anomolies(most common)
-CVS-2nd common -trisomy13 -triploidy(69 chromosomes) -multiple syndromes -anencephaly -holoprosencephaly |
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Is ACC associated w/ any cyts?
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yes-there is often a cyst by the frontal horns w/ ACC
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where is the best place to measure the lateral ventricle?
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-@ the occipital horn(atria/trigone)
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what are the 3 pelvic findings that may be influids by tomoxifen therapy?
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-thickened endometrium
-endometrial polyps -endometrial CA -endometrial cystic hyperplasia |
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most common presenting symptoms of adenomyosis?
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-uterine enlargement
-pelvic pain -dysmenorrhea -menorrhea |
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when does endometrial carcinoma most frequently occur?
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-obesity
-hypertension -diabetes -short stature -more common in jewish women |
