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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observation |
Watching participants directly in order to obtain data and gather information about their behavior. |
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Structured Observation |
An observer records a specified range of behaviors in pre-decided and pre-defined categories. |
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Unstructured Observation |
An observer records a non-specified range of behaviors including any that may seem irrelevant |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Behavioursseen in the participants' normal environment are recorded withoutinterference from the researchers in either the social or thephysical environment. |
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Controlled observation |
Behaviors seen are recorded by researchers in situations in which there has been some manipulation. |
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Covert observation |
Research in which participants are unaware they are being watched. |
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Overt observation |
Research in which the role of the observer is known to the participants |
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Participant observation |
Participants' behaviour is recorded by a researcher who is engaged with them as part of the social setting |
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Non-participant observation |
participants'behaviour is recorded by a researcher who is not engaging with themas part of the social setting. |
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Event sampling |
A data collection technique that uses a checklist of possible activities which are tallied as they occur |
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Time sampling |
A data-collection techniquethat uses a limited list of possible activities. The occurrence ofthese activities is recorded in relation to short, specified timeintervals. |
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Inter-rater reliability |
The extent to which two observers will produce the same records when they watch the same event. |
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Behavioral categories |
Theoperationally defined units of events used in a structuredobservation to break a continuous stream of activity into discreterecordable events. They must be observable actions rather thaninferred states. |
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Coding frames |
A systemfor differentiating behaviours to be recorded in an observation whichuses abbreviations to represent different behavioural categories andtheir dimensions (such as severity). |
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Observer bias |
The tendency of an observer to record behaviours that they believe should or will occur, or to identify behaviours within the context of their subjective perspective rather than recording those behaviours which actually occur |
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Observer effect |
The influences that the presence of an observer can have on participants in a situation where the observer is overt, or their roles become apparent. The participant's awareness they are being watched changes their behaviour |
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Social desirability bias |
A potential source of bias, as participants tend to respond in ways in which they feel is acceptable within society rather in ways that they believe they should or want to. |
