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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FLAGSTAFF STARS RISE/SET AT WHAT ANGLE
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55 DEGREES
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CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATIONS
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NEVER DIP BELOW HORIZON
NEVER RISE OR SET ROTATE AROUND POLES |
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OBJECT ECCENTRICITY OF 0 DEGREES
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A CIRCLE
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ACCORDING TO KEPLERS LAW AN OBJECT CURVES OUT AT
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EQUAL AREA IN EQUAL TIME
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WHY IS IT WARMER IN SUMMER THAN IN WINTER
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MORE DIRECT SUNLIGHT IN SUMMER
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POLE COLDER THAN EQUATER
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TILT OF EARTH ALLOWS EQUATOR MORE DIRECT /CONCENTRATED SUNLIGHT
-POLE NEVER RECEIVE DIRECT LIGHT |
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WHAT CAUSES MOUNTAIN RANGES ON MOON
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NOT TATONIC PLATES
FROM IMPACT METER PUSHING THE MOON SURFACE AND FROM MARIAS |
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MARIA
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GREAT PLAINS OF SOLIDIFIED DARK LAVA
FORMED: IMPACT CRACK LUNAR SURFACE ALLOWING MOLTEN LAVA TO FLOW OUT AND FILL BASIN WITH LAVA |
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BEST PLACE TO LOOK ON MOON FOR CONTRAST
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THE TERMINATOR NEAR SHADOW SIDE BECAUSE SHADOWS MAKE THE CONTRAST
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DEC MEASURED IN WHAT UNITS
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DEGREES
VALUES : -90 -0-+90 |
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RA MEASURED IN WHAT UNITS
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HOURS
VALUES: 0-24 |
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ALTITUDE OF POLARIS
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-90-+90
THE ALTITUDE OF POLARIS IS EQUAL TO THE LATITUDE OF THE LOCATION |
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ALTITUDE OF CELESTIAL EQUATOR
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0 DEGREES
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WHAT CONSTELATION HAS TWO STARS THAT POINT TO POLARIS
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URSA MAJOR : BIG DIPPER
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DEC OF POLARIS
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NCP: 90
SCP: -90 |
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DEC OF CELESTIAL EQUATOR
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0 DEGREES
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RA MEASURED IN WHAT
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HOURS
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CONVERSION FACTOR
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IS A FACTOR USED TO GET FROM ONE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT TO ANOTHER DIF UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
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SCALE FACTOR
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IS A NUMBER THAT LETS YOU QUICKLY SCALE DOWN OR UP ANY OBJECT W/ RESPECT TO ANOTHER OBJECT (DIAMETER OF TENNIS BALL =DIAMETER OF EARTH)
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CROSS MULTIPLICATION CONVERSION
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VISUAL WAY TO CONVERT FROM ONE UNIT TO ANOTHER
ALWAYS USE UNITS CONVERSION FACTORS SCALE FACTORS |
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CELESTIAL SPHERE
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IMAGINARY SPHERE AROUND EARTH
CAN ONLY SEE HALF FIXED |
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NORTH CELESTIAL POLE NCP
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POINT ON CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE NORTH POLE
DOES NOT MOVE STAR CLOSES TO POINT NORTH STAR FIXED |
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CELESTIAL EQUATOR
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EARTHS EQUATOR ON CELESTIAL SPHERE
CONTAINING ALL POINTS 90 DEGREES FROM POLARIS FIXED |
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ECLIPTIC
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THE APPARENT ANNUAL PATH OF THE SUN THRU THE SKY
FIXED |
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LATITUDE/LONGITUDE
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COORDINATES TO SPECIFY A LOCATION ON EARTH
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LATITUDE
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IS THE MEASURE OF THE NUMBER OF DEGREES A PLACE IS N OR S OF EQUATOR
VALUES: -90-+90 DEGREES |
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LONGITUDE
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IS A MEASURE OF THE NUMBER OF DEGREES A PLACE IS E OR W OF THE PRIME MERIDIAN
VALUES: 0-180 DEGREES E GREENWHICH 0-12 HRS 0-180 DEGREES W GREENWHICH 0-12 HRS |
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GREENWHICH
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ZERO PT OF LONGITUDE
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ZENIETH
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POINT ON SKY DIRECTLY ABOVE YOU
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ASTRONOMICAL HORIZON
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NOT LOCAL HORIZON
THREORETICAL HORIZON 90 DEGREES DOWN FROM ZENIETH ANGLE WHERE SKY MEETS THE GROUND |
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ALTITUDES OF CELESTIAL OBJECT
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IS THE ANGLE OF THE OBJECT ABOVE THE HORIZON
OBJECT RISING/SETTING: ALTITUDE 0 DEGREE OBJECT OVERHEAD: ALTITUDE 90 DEGREE ABJECT 1/2 WAY HORIZON/ZENIETH: 45 DEGREE |
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AZIMUTH
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OR COMPASS DIRECTION OF CELESTIAL OBJECT FOUND BY DROPPING LINE FROM OBJECT STRAIGHT DOWN TO HORIZON =THE ANGLE MEASURED FROM N TO E ALONG HORIZON OF THAT PT
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OBJECT DIRECTLY OVER N HORIZON
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AZIMUTH O DEGREE
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OBJECT DIRECTLY OVER E HORIZON
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AZIMUTH 90 DEGREE
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OBJECT DIRECTLY OVER S HORIZON
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AZIMUTH 180 DEGREE
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OBJECT DIRECTLY OVER W HORIZON
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AZIMUTH 270 DEGREE
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OBJECT RISING DUE EAST
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AZIMUTH 90 DEGREE
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OBJECT RISING DUE WEST
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AZIMUTH 270 DEGREE
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MERIDIAN
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imaginary arc on the sky that starts at pt due N on astronomical horizon
zenieth-stops pt due S on horizon divides sky above into E/W halves |
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MERIDIAN
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EASTERN HALF: OBJECTS RISING
WESTERN HALF: OBJECTS SETTING NOON: SIN HIGHEST IN SKY: MOMENT SUN CROSSES MERIDIAN |
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ALITITUDE AND AZIMUTH
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CHANGE DUE TO THE LOCATION AND TIME
COORDINATE SYSTEM NOT USEFUL FOR CATALOGING OBJECTS |
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DEC
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DECLINATION: EQUIVALENT TO LATITUDE
IS OBJECTS ANGULAR DIST N OR S OF CELESTIAL EQUATER NPOLE: 90 ANY PT ON EQUATOR: 0 DEGREE SPOLE: -90 DEGREE |
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RA
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RIGHT ASCENSION: EQUIVALENT TO LONGITUDE
IS A MEASURE OF AN OBJECTS ANGULAR DISTANCE AROUND CELESTIAL EQUATOR INCREASES TO EAST |
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VERNAL EQUINOX
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ZERO POINT RA : SPECIAL PT ON CELESTIAL EQUATOR
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RA AND DEC
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INDEPENDENT OF TIME AND LOCATION OF OBSERVER: FIXED LOCATION: USEFUL CREATING CATALOGS
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FALL EQUINOX
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RA 12 HR
DEC 0 DEGREE |
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DEC OF STAR ON EQUATOR
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O DEGREE
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FLAGSTAFF
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LAT: 35 DEGREE
ALTITUDE POLARIS: 90 DEGREE MAX ALTITUDE CELESTIAL EQUATOR: 55 DEGREE |
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LIVE IN N HEMISPHERE CELESTIAL EQUATOR
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SOUTH
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NORTH POLE
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LAT: 90 DEGREE
ALTITUDE POLARIS: 90 DEGREE MAX ALTITUDE CELESTIAL EQUATOR: 0 DEGREE |
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EQUATOR
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LAT: 0 DEGREE
ALTITUDE POLARIS: 0 DEGREE MAX ALTITUDE CELESTIAL EQUATOR: 90 DEGREE |
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THE ALTITUDE OF POLARIS IS EQUAL
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TO THE LATITUDE OF A LOCATION
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ALTITUDE CELESTIAL EQUATOR IS FOUND BY
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SUBTRACTING LATITUDE FROM 90 DEGREES
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RA AND DEC OF OBJECT
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DOES NO CHANGE AT NIGHT
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APPARENT DAILY MOTION
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SUN: CELESTIAL OBJECTS IN SKY MOVE ACROSS SKY DUE TO THE ROTATION OF EARTH ON ITS AXIS
ECLIPTIC CAUSED BY EARTHS ORBIT AROUND SUN |
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EARTH TILT
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CAUSES SUN DAILY PATH TO CHANGE
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WINTER SOLSTICE
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DECEMBER 21
FIRST DAY OF WINTER |
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SEASONS CAUSED BY
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EARTHS TILT 23.5 DEGREES
DEC OF SUN: FALL/SPRING EQUINOX: 0 DEGREE JUNE 21: 23.5 DEGREES DECEMBER: -23.5 DEGREES |
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IF EARTH NOT TILTED ECLIPTIC WOULD BE WHERE?
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EQUATOR
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POLE MORE COLD THAN EQUATOR
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SUN DOES NOT HIT POLE DIRECTLY
NO DIRECT SUNLIGHT |
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DAYS SHORTER IN DEC THAN JUNE
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SUN IN SKY LESS TIME
ALTITUDE OF SUN LOWER IN WINTER THAN SUMMER: LESS TIME IN SKY AND ANGLE OF SUNLIGHT ON SURFACE SUMMER MORE CONCENTRATED/DIRECT WINTER MORE ANGLED LESS DIRECT |
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TWO MOST USEFUL POINTS ON CELESTIAL EQUATOR WHEN LOOKING FOR CONSTELATIONS
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NCP (NORTH CELESTIAL POLE) AND CELESTIAL EQUATOR
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EQUATORIAL COORDINATES
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1 RA
2 DEC |
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TO FIND NORTH STAR USE WHAT CONSTELATION
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2 STARS (POINTER STARS) IN URSLA MAJOR BIG DIPPER
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DEC OF N STAR IN FLAG
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90 DEGREE
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DEC OF POINTER STAR IN FLAG
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70 DEGREE
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AZIMUTH OF N STAR IN FLAG
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0 DEGREE
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RISING/SETTING ASTRONOMICAL UNITS
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SKY DOES NOT ROTATE BUT EARTH ROTATES RESPONSIBLE FOR RISING SETTING OF UNITS
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CONSTELLATIONS
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PATTERNS OF STARS
DIF CULURAL NAME AFTER COMMON OBJECTS.MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES. ANIMALS |
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CONSTELLATIONS
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USED HISTORICALLY FOR FARMING AND NAVIGATION
STARS NOT PHISCALLY NEXT TOO EACH OTHER=JUST LIE SAME DIRECTION IN SKY |
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MODERN ASTRONOMY
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CONSTELLATIONS TO DIVIDE SKY INTO PATTERNS
88 CONSTELLATIONS PATTERNS |
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FLAGSTAFF
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STARS RISE: EAST
STARS SET : WEST ANGLE RISING SETTING PATHS: 55 DEGREES |
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CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELATIONS
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NEVER SET BELOW HORIZON
SEEN ALL YEAR AT GIVEN LOCATIONS |
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FLAGSTAFF
LITTLE DIPPER. CEPHEUS . CASSIPEIA |
MOVE COUNTER CLOCKWISE TO THE HORIZON
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FLAGSTAFF
BIG DIPPER |
NOT CIRCUMPOLAR DIPS BELOW HORIZON
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FLAGSTAFF NCP CHANGE DURING NIGHT
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NO NCP IS JUST NP PROJECTED ON CELESTIAL SPHERE
NP NEVER MOVES |
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EQUATOR
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STARS RISE: EAST
STARS SET : WEST ANGLE RISING SETTING PATHS: 90 DEGREES W/RESPECT TO HORIZON |
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EQUATOR
HOW MUCH CELESTIAL SPHERE DO YOU SEE OVER A YEAR |
ENTIRE CELESTIAL SPHERE
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NORTH POLE
HOW MUCH CELESTIAL SPHERE DO YOU SEE OVER A YEAR |
1/2
ONLY SEE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE |
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NORTH POLE
STAR MOTION |
STARS STILL MOVING
NONE SETTING/RISING ALL ARE CIRCUMPOLAR |
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KEPLER FAMILY
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POOR
CRAZY FAMILY WORKED UNDER TYCHO USED TYCHOS 20 YRS RESEARCH TO CREATE THEORY DEVELOPED 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION |
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KEPLER 1 LAW
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PLANET MOVE IN ELLIPTICAL ORBITS AROUND THE SUN . SUN AT ONE FOCI AND EMPTY SPACE AT THE OTHER FOCI
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KEPLER 2 LAW
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A LINE DRAWN FROM THE SUN TO A PLANET SWEEPS OUT IN EQUAL AREAS IN EQUAL TIMES
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KEPLER 3 LAW
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P^2=a^3
P=PERIOD AROUND SUN=YEARS a=PLANETS DISTANCE FROM SUN=AU |
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ELLIPSE
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FIGURE DRAWN AROUND TWO POINTS (FOCI) SUCH THAT THE DISTANCE FROM ONE FOCI TO ANY OTHER POINT ON THE ELLIPSE BACK TO THE OTHER FOCI EQUALS A CONSTANT
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ECCDENTRICITY
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e=foci1/foci2
EARTH ECCENTRICITY: e=0.02=almost perfect circle HAILEYS COMMET: e=0.97 HIGHLY SQUASHED CIRCLE |
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PREHELIUM
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OBJECTS CLOSER TO SUN MOVE FASTER
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APREHELIUM
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OBJECTS FURTHER FROM SUN MOVE SLOWER
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TELESCOPE
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MOST IMPORTANT TOOL IN OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY
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TELESCOPE USED IN CLASS
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MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
2 IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW OPTICAL LAYOUT MOUNT |
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OPTICAL LAYOUT OF MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
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SCHMIDT-CASSEGRAIN
light from object-thru corrector plate-down tube-strikes primary mirror- travels bk-strikes secondary mirror-travels downward-passes thru hole in primary mirror-exit hole thru eyepiece for viewing |
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OTHER OPTICAL LAYOUTS
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1 SMALL TELESCOPE; REFRACTERS;LENS ONLY
2 CASSEGRAIN REFLECTORS: MIRRORS ONLY 3 NEWTONIAN REFLECTORS; MIRRORS ONLY |
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EQUATORIAL MOUNT MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
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ALLOWS YOU TO SIGHT STAR IN TELESCOPE AND KEEP STAR IN VIEW AS IT MOVES ACROSS SKY
MOTOR DRIVES RA MOVES TWO DIRECTIONS RA AND DEC observing: clamps engaged moving:clamps disengaged |
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FINE MOTION KNOBS
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VERY SMALL MOVEMENTS
USED WHEN RA/DEC CLAMPS LOCKED |
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MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE EYEPIECES FOCAL LENGTH
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32MM
50MM |
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MAGNIFICATION FOR MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
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ration of the angular size of the object seen thru telescope to the angular size of abject seen with naked eye
-depends on focal length of primary mirror and eyepiece |
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MAGNIFICATION FOR MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
FORMULA |
MAG=F0/FE
F0=FOCAL LENGTH PRIMARY MIRROR FE=FOCAL LENGTH EYEPIECE FOCAL LENGTH PRIMARY MIRROR FOR MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE: 2500MM |
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IMAGE TERRESTRIAL OBJECT SEEN THRU FINDER
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UPSIDE DOWN
BACKWARDS |
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IMAGE TERRESTRIAL OBJECT SEEN THRU MAIN EYEPEICE
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UPSIDE DOWN
BACKWARDS |
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32MM EYEPIECE MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
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LARGER IMAGE
MAG: 78 X |
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50MM EYEPIECE MEADE 10IN TELESCOPE
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LARGER FIELD OF VIEW
MAG: 50 X |
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GALIEO
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PROVED MOON WAS NOT PERFECT
THOUGHT MARIA WAS SEAS MARIA MAKE UP THE FACE OF THE MAN IN THE MOON |
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CRATERS
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CIRCULAR DEPRESSIONS
MICRSCOPIC-HUNDREDS OF KM IN DIAMETER |
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LUNAR SURFACE
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CRATERS
MARIA MOUNTAIN RANGES |
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MARIA
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GREAT PAINS OF SOLIDIFIEDDARK LAVA
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MOUNTAIN RANGES
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BIGGEST:
1 ALPS 2 APENNINES 3 CAUCASUS |
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CRATERS WITH RAYS
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YOUNG CRATERS
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MOON
TERMINATOR |
LINE THAT SEPARATES THE BRIGHT AND DARK PORTIONS OF THE MOON SURFACE
-MOON CONTRAST: BC OF SHADOWS |
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MARIA SHAPE
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CIRCULAR
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CRATER FLOORS
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BELOW MOON SURFACE BC RIDGES ARE SHADOWED
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MOST MOON CRATERS
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VOLCANIC ORGIN
LUNAR IMPACT CRATER: SHALLOWER VOLCANIC: MORE MOUNTAINIOUS |
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LUNAR MOUNTAIN RANGES CURVED
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BECAUSE OF SHOCK WAVE ON DIF AREA ON MOON
WHERE SHOCK WAVE STOPPED : FORMED MOUNTAINS |
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ASTRONOMERS USE ANGLES
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TO MEASURE APPARENT SIZES OF OBJECTS OR SEPERATION OF TWO OBJECTS
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ANGLES
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MEASURED IN DEGREES
OR SMALLER MEASUREMENTS ARC SECONDS (") ARC MINS (') |
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ARC MINUTE (")
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ANGLE MADE BY TWO INES DRAWN FROM YOUR EYEBALL TO THE TOP/BOTTOM OF A QUARTER 100 yards AWAY
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ARC SECOND (')
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ANGLE MADE BY TWO INES DRAWN FROM YOUR EYEBALL TO THE TOP/BOTTOM OF THE DOT IN THE LETTER "i" 100 yards AWAY
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SMALL ANGLE FORMULA
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S/R= 0"/206265
S=RADIUS PLANET ORBIT R= DISTANCE STAR FROM EARTH * WHEN SOLVING FOR 0 ANSWER UNITS OF ARCSEC *S AND R MUST BE IN SAME UNITS |
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FEILD OF VIEW
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DESCRIBES HOW MUCH OF THE SKY YOU SEE THRU EYEPIECE
-FIND BY TIMING STAR AS IT DRIFTS THRU FIELD OF VIEW 1 SEC OF DRIFT = ANGLE 15 ARCSECS |
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CONSTELLATION BACKROUNDS
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king CEPHEUS and queen CASSIOPEIA
daughter ANDROMEDA -queen boastful-more pretty than Nerrids-Posiden anger sends monster CETUS-must sacrifice daughter-saved by Perseus-turns cetus to stone w/ medusas head |
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CONSTELLATION BACKROUNDS
ORION |
ORION BEST KNOWN CONSTELLATION IN SKY (MOST BRIGHT STARS) great hunter-boasted no beast could kill him-godess Hersa sends SCORPIUS-killed each other
ORION AND SCORPIUS ENIMIES WHY THEY ARE OPPOSITE IN THE SKY |
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KEPLER 3RD LAW
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HARMONIC LAW
moon orbiting form M=a^3/P^2 M=mass of planet in solar units |
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JUPITER FOUR MOONS
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IO EUROPA GAYAMEDE CALLISTO
APROX CIRCLES AROUND JUPITER ORBIT PERIODS: CLOSER TO JUPTER SMALLER FUTHER FROM JUPITER BIGGER I EAT GREEN CARROTS |
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NICHOLAS STENO
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RELATIVE AGE OF ROCK BASED ON POSITION
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION |
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3 TECHNIQUES USED BY GEOLOGISTS
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1 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
2 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSECTION 3 CRATER DENSITY |
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PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
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YOUNGER ROCKS OVERLIE OLDER ROCKS
DETERMINE AGE EARTH/SPACE OLD ROCK BOTTOM YOUNG ROCK TOP |
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PRINCIPLE OF TRANSECTION
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CUTTING OF ONE FEATURE BY ANOTHER
YOUNGER FEATURES TRANSECT OLDER FEATURES FRACTURE (FAULT) WHICH CUT ACROSS SURFACE YOUNGER THAN SURFACE DETERMINE AGE EARTH /SPACE |
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CRATER DENSITY
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NUMBER OF CRATERS PER UNIT AREA
HIGHER THE CRATER DENSITY THE OLDER THE SURFACE CAN TRANSLATE INTO ABSOLUTE AGE |
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SETTING CIRCLES
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ONLY BRIGHTEST OBJECTS SEEN W NAKED EYE MOST FOUND WITH SETTING CIRCLES ON TELESCOPE
SETTING CIRCLES=DIALS 2 RA DIALS INCREASE OPP DIRECTION 1 DEC DIAL |
