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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shorten forcefully or contract |
CONTRACTILITY |
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Capacity of muscle to respond stimulus |
EXCITABILITY |
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Muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length |
EXTENSIBILITY |
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Ability to muscle to recoil its original resting length |
ELASTICITY |
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Other term for skeletal muscle |
STRIATED MUSCLE |
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How many percent of muscle does our body weight has? |
40% |
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It is transverse bands or striations can be seen in the muscle under the microscope |
Striated muscle or skeletal muscle |
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A connective tissue sheath that covers skeletal muscle |
EPIMYSIUM |
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Numerous visible bundles |
Muscle Fascicles |
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A loose conmective tissues. It separates muscles fascicles |
PERIMYSIUM |
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A loos connective tissue. It surrounds each muscle fiber |
ENDOMYSIUM |
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Cell membrane of muscle fiber |
SARCOLEMMA |
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Tubelike inward folds occur at regular intervals. Center of the muscle fiber |
TRANSVERSE TUBULES / T tubules |
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Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber |
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
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Elarged portion or spaces of muscle fiber |
TERMINAL CISTERNAE |
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Cytoplasm of muscle fiber |
SARCOPLASM |
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Protein visible bundles |
MYOFIBRILS |
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2 major kinds of protein fibers |
- actin myofilament - myosin myofilament |
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Separates sarcomere to the next |
Z disk |
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Light staining bands |
I bands |
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Dark staining band |
A band |
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Smaller lighter staining band region |
H zone |
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Consist of fine protein filaments that anchor the myosin myofilaments in place |
M Line |
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Molecules have binding sites for Ca2+ |
Troponin |
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Building blocks: myosin myofilaments binding sites for actin |
TROPOMYOSIN |
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Golf club heads |
Myosin heads |
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Electrically exitable cells |
Polarized |
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Unstimulated cell |
Resting membrane potential |
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Increase in positive charge inside cell membrane |
Depolarization |
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Changes the membrane potential to a value |
Treshold |
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Triggered by the treshold |
Action potential |
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Due to exit of k+ of the cell membrane Opening of gate k+ |
Repolarization |
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Specialized nerve cell |
Motor neurons |
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Each branch of muscle fibers has a junction called : |
Neuromascular junction |
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Cell to cell junction |
SYNAPSE |
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The axon terminal |
Presynaptic terminal |
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Spaces between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber membrane |
Synaptic vesicles |
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Vesicles contain neurotransmitters called : |
Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic cell |
Neurotransmitter |
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An enzyme that breaks down muscle fiber rapidly |
Acetylcholinesterase. |
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Process of muscle contraction where actin myofilaments slide past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
Sliding filament model |
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Heads of mysin myofil. bind to exposed attachment sites on the actin myofil to form : |
Cross bridges |
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6 cycles |
Exposure of active sites Cross bridge formation Power stroke Cross bridge release Hydrolysis of ATP Recovery stroke |
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Single contraction of muscle fiber in response to a stimulus |
Muscle twitch |
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Also called as latent phase, is the time between the application of a stimulus at the BEGINNING of contraction. |
Lag Phase |
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Time DURING which the muscle contracts |
CONTRACTION PHASE |
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During the muscle relaxes |
Relaxation phase |
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Muscle contract more forcefully |
Summation |
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Sustained contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation is so rapid that no relaxtion occured |
Tetanus |
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More motor units are stimulated, increases muscle fibers contracting |
Recruitment |
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Conversion of molecule |
Creatine phosphate |
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Occurs in mitochondria, requires O2 and breaks down glucose |
Aerobic respiration |
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Doesnt require O2, process lipids or amino acid to make ATP and lactate |
Anaerobic respiration |
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Temporary state of reduced work capacity. Without these muscle fiber would be worked to the point of structural damage to them and their supportive cells. |
FATIGUE |
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Trigger an imune system chemical called : |
INTERLEUKIN |
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Causes ________ when the immune system is directly activated by exercise |
Inflammation |
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Occurs when too little ATP to bind to myosin myofil |
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTRACTURE |
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Most common type of fatigue, involves the central nervous system rather than the muscle themselves. |
PSYCHOLOGICAL FATIGUE |
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Undifferentiated cell just below the endomysium |
Satellite cells |
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Increase tge tension in muscle without changing its length |
Isometric contraction |
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Responsible for constant lenght of the body postural muscles |
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION |
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Have a constant amount of tension while decreasing the length of the muscle. Movements of fingers and arms are predominantly of this contraction |
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION |
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An isotonic contraction in which muscle tension INCREASES as the muscle shortens |
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION |
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Tension is maintained in muscle but the opposing resistance causes muscle to lengthen |
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION |
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Constant tension is produced by body muscles over a long period of time |
Muscle tone |
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Periodic spontenous contraction of smooth muscle |
Authoritmicity |
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Allow action potential to be conducted directly from cell to cell. |
Intercalated disks |
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Muscle is connected to the bone by: |
TENDON |
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Broad sheetlike tendons |
APONEUROSES |
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Band of connective tissue that holds down the tendon at each wrist and ankle |
RETINACULUM |
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Most stationary or fixed, end of the muscle |
ORIGIN |
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End of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement |
INSERTION |
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Part between the origin and muscle |
BELLY |
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Muscles are studied typically in grps |
- AGONIST - ANTAGONIST |
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Plays a major role in accomplishing the desired movement called _____ |
PRIME MAJOR |
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Muscled holds one bone in place relative to the body whilr usually more distal to the bone. |
FIXATORS |
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Seven characteristics based on name of specific muscle |
- location - size - shape - orientation of fascicle - origin and insertion - number of heads - function |
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Broadly distributed fascicles converge at a single tendon |
CONVERGENT |
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Fascicles lie parallel to one another and long axis to the muscle |
PARALLEL |
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Fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle |
PENNATE |
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Fascicles on only one side of tendon |
UNIPENNATE |
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Fascicles on both sides of the tendon |
Bipennate |
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Fascicles arranged at many places around the central tendon Spread out at angles to many smaller tendon |
MULTIPENNATE |
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Fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle. Belly muscle is larger in diameter than ends. |
FUSIFORM |
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Draws corner of mouth posteriorly: compresses cheeck to hold food between teeth |
BUCCNINATOR |
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Lowers corner of the mouth; frown & pouting |
Depressor anguli oris |
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Smiling is accomplish primarily by |
Zygomaticus |
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Raises upper lip Sneering |
Levator labii superioris |
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Raises eyebrows Moves scalp |
Occipitofrontalis |
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Closes eyes; blinking, winkling, squinting Around the eyes |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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Closes and purses lips; kissing Around the mouth |
Orbicularis oris |
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Elevates and abducts upper lip and corner of mouth : smile |
Zygomaticus major |
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Elevates and abducts upper lip , smile |
ZYGOMATICUS MINOR |
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Strongest muscle in the body |
Mastication |
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Muscles that can be easily seen and felt to the head during mastication |
TEMPORALIS MASSETER |
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Consisting of two pairs are deep to the mandible |
PTERYGOID |
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Located entirely within tongue and change shape |
INTRINSIC MUSCLES |
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Located outside of the tongue but attached to move the tongue |
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES |
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Elevates the pharynx |
PHARYNGEAL ELEVATOR |
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Constrict the pharynx |
PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTORS |
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Prime mover of lateral muscle group From neck |
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID |
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May result injury to on sternocleidomastoid |
TORTOCOLLIS |
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Responsible for keeping back straight |
ERRECTOR SPINAE |
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Responsible for several movement of vertebral column |
DEEP BACK MUSCLES |
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Elevate ribs during inspiration |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS |
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Depress the ribs during INSPIRATION |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS |
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Dome shaped |
DIAPHRAGM |
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Tendinous area of abdominal wall |
LINEA ALBA |
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Side of linea alba |
RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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Fr superficial to deep, has three muscles : |
- INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE - EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE - TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS |
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It is formed by the levator ani. Also called as pelvic diaphragm |
PELVIC FLOOR |
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Muscles of male or female reproductive structures |
PERINEUM |
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These are all imortant to muscles for scapular attachment and movement |
- trapezius - levator scapulae - rhomboids - pectoralis minor |
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These two are attach to the arm to the thorax |
- pectoralis major - latissimus dorsi |
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Flexes vertebral column; compresses abdomen |
RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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Compresses abdomen; flexes and ROTATES vertebral column |
EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE |
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Compresses abdomen |
TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS |
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Flex the wrist |
FLEXOR CARPI |
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Extend the wrist |
EXTENSOR CARPI |
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Flexion of the fingers |
FLEXOR DIGITORUM |
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Extend finger |
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM |
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19 muscles which located within the hand |
INTRINSIC HAND MUSCLE |
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Located between metacarpal bones. Responsible abduct or aduct of the fingers |
INTEROSSEI |
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Flexes the hip |
ILIOPSOAS |
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Posterior and lateral hip consist of ______ |
GLUTEAL MUSCLES |
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Tenses a thick band of fascia on the lateral side of the thigh. |
TENSION FASCIAE LATAE |
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Extends the hip and abducts and medially rotates the thigh |
GLUTEUS MEDIUS |
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Anterior thigh muscles |
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS SARTORIUS |
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Flexes and extends shoulder; abducts and medially and laterally rotates arm |
DELTOID |
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Responsible for flexing knees |
HAMSTRING MUSCLES |
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Form a bulge of the calf |
- gastrocnemius - soleus |
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Flexor involved Flexion of the foot |
CALCANEAL TENDON |
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Lateral muscle of the leg Also aid in plantar flexion during locomotion |
FIBULARIS MUSCLES |
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20 muscles located within the foot |
INTRINSIC FOOT MUSCLES |
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A disease involves many body system and usually identified in children 3yrs old |
DUCHENNE MASCULAR DYSTROPHY |
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Responsible producing protein |
DYSTROPHY |
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Painful, spastic contraction of a muscle; usually due to a buildup of lactic acid |
CRAMPS |
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Non-life threatening, chronic, widespread pain in muscles with no known cure Also known as chronic muscle pain syndrome |
FIBROMYALGIA |
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Enlargement of a muscle due to an increased number of myofibril as occurs with increased muscle use |
HYPERTROPHY |
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Decrease in muscle size due to decrease number of myofilaments; can occur due to disuse of a muscle, as in paralysis. |
ATROPHY |
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Group of genetic disorders in which all types of muscle degenerate and atrophy |
MASCULAR DYSTROPHY |
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Muscles are weak and fail to relax forceful contractions |
MYOTONIC MASCULAR DYSTROPHY |
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Inflammation of tendon |
TENDINITIS |
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Symptoms |
- muscle weakness - muscle atrophy - contractures |
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Treatments |
- physical therapy to prevent contractures - no effective treatment to prevent atrophy |
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Attached to the muscles |
SKELETAL MUSCLE |
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Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glands. Spindle shaped |
SMOOTH MUSCLES |
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Branched cylindrical |
CARDIAC MUSCLES |
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Draws corner of mouth posteriorly |
BUCCINATOR |
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Lowers corner of mouth Frown |
Depressor anguli oris |
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Raises upper lip sneer |
Levator labii superioris |
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Moves scalp raises eyebrow |
Occipitofrontalis |
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Closes eyes blinking, winking |
Orbicularis oculi |
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Closes mouth kissing |
Oribicularis oris |
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Lip and CORNER of the mouth smile |
Zygomaticus major |
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Elevalte and abduct lip smile |
Zygomaticus minor |
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Fascicles arranged in a circle around and opening. Act as sphincters to close the opening |
CIRCULAR |
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Broadly distributed fascicles converge at a single tendon |
CONVERGENT |
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Fascicles lie parallel |
PARALLEL |
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What part does unipennate found? |
PALMAR INTEROSSEUS SEMIMEMBRANOUS |
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Where does bipennate located? |
RECTUS FEMORIS |
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Where does MULTIPENNATE found? |
DELTOID |
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Compresses cheek to hold food |
BUCCINATOR |
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Changes shape of tongue |
INTRINSIC |
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Moves tongue |
Extrinsic |
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Elevated and draws mandible posteriormy: closes jaw |
-TEMPORALIS -MASSETER |
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Pushes mandible anteriorly and depresses mandible; closes jaw |
LATERAL PTERYGOID |
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Elevates mandible |
MEDIAL PTERYGOID |
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Elevates of stabiles hyoid |
SUPRAHYOID |
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Depresses or stabilzes hyoid |
INFRAHYOID |
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Moves soft palate tongue or pharynx |
Soft palate muscles |
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Individually rotate head together flex neck |
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID |
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Extend laterally flexes neck |
TRAPEZIUS |
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Maintains posture |
ERRECTOR SPINAE |
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Help bend vertebral column laterally |
DEEP BACK MUSCLES |
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Inspiration, elevates ribs |
-SCALENES -EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS |
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Forced expiration; depresses ribs |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS |
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Depress floor of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen |
RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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Compresses abdomen flexes and rotates vertebral column |
-EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE -INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE |
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Compresses abdomen |
TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS |
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Elevates retracts and rotate scapula; laterally flex neck |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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Depresses scapula or elevates ribs |
PECTORALIS MINOR |
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Retracts rotates fixes scapula |
MAJOR RHOMBOIDS |
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Slightly elevates rotates fixes scapula |
MINOR RHOMBOIDS |
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Rotates and protracts scapula elevates ribs |
Serratus anterior |
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Extends neck, |
TRAPEZIUS |
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Flexes extends shoulder, abducts medially and laterally rotates arm |
DELTOID |
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Medially rotates arm |
LATISSIMUS DORSI |
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Extends shoulder from flexed position |
PECTORALIS MAJOR |
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Stabilizes and extends shoulder and laterally rotates arm |
INFRASPINATUS |
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Medially rotates arm, stabilizes and extends shoulder |
SUBSCAPULARIS |
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Stabilizes shoulder and abducts arm |
SUPRASPINATUS |
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Flexes elbow, supinates forearm, flexes shoulder |
BICEPTS BRACHII |
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Flexes elbow |
BRACHIALIS |
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Extends elbow: extends shoulder adducts arm |
TRICEPS BRACHII |
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Tightens skin of PALM |
PALMARIS LONGUS |
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Flexes and adducts wrist |
FLEXOR CARPI |
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FLEXES FINGERS AND WRIST |
FLEXOR DIGITORUM |
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Pronates fingers and wrist |
QUADRATUS TERES |
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Flexes elbow |
BRACHIORADIALIS |
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Extends and abducts wrist |
-EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS -EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS -EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS |
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Flexes hip |
ILIOPSOAS |
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Steadies femur on tibia through iliobitak tract when standing; flexes hip; medially rotates and adducts thigh |
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE |
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Extends knee flexes hip |
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS |
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Flexes hip and knee laterally rotates hip |
SARTORIUS |
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Adducts thigh; flexes knee |
GRACILLIS |
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Laterally rotates knee |
BICEPS FEMORIS |
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Medially rotates leg |
- SEMIMEMBRANOUS - SEMITENDINOSUS |
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Extends four lateral toes; dorsiflexes and everts foor |
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS |
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Great toe; inverts foot |
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS |
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Dorsiflexes inverts foot |
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR |
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Dorsiflexes and everts foot |
FIBULARIS TERTIUS |
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Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg |
GASTROCNEMIUS |
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Plantar flexes foor |
SOLEUS |
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Flexes 4 lateral toes; plantar flexes inverts foot |
FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS |
