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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Small for gestational age (SGA)
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a. Fetuses <10th percentile in weight.
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2. Large for gestational age (LGA)?
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a. Fetuses >90th percentile.
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3. How are SGA fetuses further subdivided?
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a. Symmetric or asymmetric.
b. Symmetric implies that the fetus is proportionally small. c. Asymmetric: certain organs are disproportionately small. |
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4. 2 factors that can result in pts being SGA?
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a. Those that lead to decreased growth potential.
b. Those that lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). |
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5. Congenital abnormalities causing SGA?
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a. Account for 10-15%.
1. Trisomy 21 2. Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) 3. Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) |
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6. What intrauterine infections lead to SGA infants?
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a. All, especially CMV and rubella.
b. These account for 10-15% of all SGA infants. |
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7. 2 most common teratogens causing SGA babies?
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a. ETOH and tobacco.
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8. Macrosomia birth weight?
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a. >4,500g.
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9. Classic measure of amniotic fluid volume?
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i. Amniotic fluid index (AFI)?
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10. How is the Amniotic fluid index (AFI) calculated?
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a. By dividing the maternal abdomen into quandrants
b. Measuring the largest vertical pocket of fluid in each quadrant in cm, and summoning them. |
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11. AFI< 5=?
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a. Oligohydramnios.
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12. Polyhydramnios Amniotic fluid index (AFI)?
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a. >20-25, depending on gestational age.
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13. 2 general aetiologies of oligohydramnios?
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a. Decreased production or increased withdrawal.
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14. What is amniotic fluid produced by?
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a. Fetal kidneys and lungs.
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15. How is amniotic fluid reabsorbed?
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a. Reabsorbed by placenta, swallowed by fetus, or leaked out into the vagina.
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16. Chronic Uteroplacental Insufficiency UPI?
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a. Can lead to oligohydramnios bc ht fetus likely does not have the nutrients of blood volume to maintain an adequate GFR.
b. UPI is commonly associated w/growth-restricted infants. |
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17. Diagnosis of oligohydramnios?
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a. AGI <5.
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18. Definition of polyhydramnios?
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a. Defined by an AFI greater than 20-25.
b. Fetal structural and chromosomal abnormalities are more common in polyhydramnios. |
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19. With what conditions is polyhydramnios associated?
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a. Maternal diabetes and malformations such as neural tube defect, obstruction of fetal alimentary canal, and hydrops.
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20. What are pts with polyhydramnios at increased risk for?
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a. Malpresentation.
b. Cord prolapse |
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11. AFI< 5=?
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a. Oligohydramnios.
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12. Polyhydramnios Amniotic fluid index (AFI)?
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a. >20-25, depending on gestational age.
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13. 2 general aetiologies of oligohydramnios?
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a. Decreased production or increased withdrawal.
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14. What is amniotic fluid produced by?
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a. Fetal kidneys and lungs.
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15. How is amniotic fluid reabsorbed?
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a. Reabsorbed by placenta, swallowed by fetus, or leaked out into the vagina.
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16. Chronic Uteroplacental Insufficiency UPI?
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a. Can lead to oligohydramnios bc ht fetus likely does not have the nutrients of blood volume to maintain an adequate GFR.
b. UPI is commonly associated w/growth-restricted infants. |
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17. Diagnosis of oligohydramnios?
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a. AGI <5.
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18. Definition of polyhydramnios?
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a. Defined by an AFI greater than 20-25.
b. Fetal structural and chromosomal abnormalities are more common in polyhydramnios. |
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19. With what conditions is polyhydramnios associated?
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a. Maternal diabetes and malformations such as neural tube defect, obstruction of fetal alimentary canal, and hydrops.
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20. What are pts with polyhydramnios at increased risk for?
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a. Malpresentation.
b. Cord prolapse |
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21. Antibody type in Rh incompatibility?
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a. IgG
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22. If a woman is Rh neg and her fetus is Rh pos, she may be sensitized to the Rh antigen and develop antibodies.
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a. These IgG abs cross the palcenta and cause haemolysis of fetal RBCs.
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23. Sx of Erythroblastosis fetalis or fetal hydrops?
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1. Hyperdynamic state
2. Heart failure 3. Diffuse oedema 4. Ascites 5. Pericardial effusion b. The result of serious anaemia. |
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24. When is RhoGAM given to an Rh Negative pt?
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a. Any time during pregnancy that there is a possibility that she may be exposed to fetal blood:
1. Amniocentesis 2. Miscarriage 3. Vaginal bleeding 4. Abruption 5. Delivery. |
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25. RhoGAM?
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a. Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rh IgG).
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26. Post-term pregnancy definition?
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a. >42 weeks GA or >294 days past the LMP.
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27. Most common reason for diagnosis of Post-term pregnancy?
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a. Inaccurate dating.
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28. Rare conditions of the fetus associated w/post-term pregnancy?
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1. Anencephaly
2. Fetal adrenal hypoplasia 3. Absent fetal pituitary. b. All are notable for diminished levels of circulating oestrogen. |
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29. What types of twins are at greatest risk for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)?
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a. MoDi twins. Monochorionic (one placenta), Diamniotic (2 amniotic sacs)
b. Due to placental vascular communication. c. Extremely high mortality of 40-60%. |
