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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what factors constitute energy expenditure (4)
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RMR
NEAT TEF Exercise |
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What measurement indicates obesity. what are its values
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BMI (W/H2 X 703)
Normal: 18.5-24.9 Overweight: 25-29.9 Obese I: 30-34.9 Obese II: 35-39.9 Obese III: >40 |
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what doesnt take gender/height into account. what does
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doesnt: BMI
Does: Ideal body weight |
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whats the bad thing about BMI
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doesnt assess body fat % or muscle
doesnt take gender into account doesnt take ethnicity into account |
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what is the waist circumference in inches for obesity
Women Men |
Women: >35
Men: >40 |
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what 4 things are increased risk with belly fat?
what increases with Obesity? |
1. stroke
2. HTN 3. Heart Disease 4. DM II OBESITY: IR DMII CHD Polycystic ovarian cancer METABOLIC SYNDROME |
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how to determine calories burned using MET
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MET X Wt(kg) X Duration (hr)
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short term regulation of eating
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hunger, satiety
Insulin/ |
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long term regulation of eating
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leptin/ghrelin
fat stores |
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what is the effect?
ghrelin GLP1 CCK Vagus N |
Ghrelin: stimulates eating, activates AgRP/NYP and inhibits aMSH
CCK: inhibits eating, activates aMSH and inhibits AgRP/NYP GLP1: decrease apetite, activates aMSH Vagus N: measures stomach distension, decrease apetite |
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what does the arcruate nucleus measure?
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AA
Glucose FA and releases NYP/AgRP aMSH accordingly |
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name a secondary function of fat
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endocrine: release leptin and adiponectin
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What inhibits NPY
What inhibits aMSH |
NPY inhibited by increased leptin
aMSH is inhibited by NPY |
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what is the MCR4 receptor
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the receptor for aMSH involved in the leptin signaling pathway
**defect in receptor will decrease aMSH and increase NYP so eating is increased and expenditure is decreased |
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what does adiponectin do?
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secreted by fat cells increases insulin sensitivity, antiinflamitory, is decreased with obesity
**adiponectin is a good thing and when you get fat you have less of it **controls fat, prevents disease associated with obesity |
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what is the MAP kinase pathway. is it affected by IR
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leads to vasoconstriction
NOT affected by IR |
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what is the PI3 kinase pathway? is it affected by IR
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Glut 4 translocation and NO synthesis
IS affected by IR |
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when your IR what happens to vasoconstriciton, vasodilation, and glut 4
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well... vasoconstriction via MAP kinase wont be affected and we can vasoconstrict just fine
BUT... IR causes NO (vasodilation) synthesis to decrease and Glut 4 can no longer make it to the membrane to take up glucose |
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what happens when glucose cant be taken up by the muscles
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Glut 4 not put in membranes due to IR and PI3 Kinase pathway
*the liver takes up the glucose and makes more FA |
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whats an ATM
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adipose tissue macrophage
Proimflammatory: M1 common in obese Antiinflammitory M2: common in lean |
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what proinflammatory cytokines are released by macrophages and promote IR
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resistin
TNFa IL6 **proinflammatory, released by M1 obese macrophages |
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what does IR do to adipose tissue when there is a positive E balance
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1. decreased lipid storage
2. increased lipolysis 3. ectopic deposits of fat in Sk mm and Fatty liver |
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so... lipolysis is increased when IR is present and there is a positive E balance. whats the consequence
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liipolysis is increased but the cell cant keep up and does incomplete oxidation, DAG builds up and acts as a signal molecule that inhibits PI3
**recall PI3, glut 4 translocation/NO synthesis, affected by IR |
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when you exercise the number of mitochondria increase, how does this help IR
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well, more mito means we can totally oxidize our FA. with complete oxidation there will be no accumulation of DAG that acts on the IP3 path that does Glut 4 translocation and NO synthesis
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when IR is reduced through exercise what happens to sk mm, how does this affect liver
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sk mm can hold more glucose and there will be less strain in the liver to take up the excess glucose
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what is PPAR gamma
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a TF that helps make more fat cells, this promotes FA uptake/lipid storage (you get fat but the fat cells are less stressed and dont send out weird signals)
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what does PPAR gamma do to macrophages
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iinhibits conversion of M2 to M1
*M2 are anti inflammatory *M1 are proinflammatory **PPAR gamma allows antiinflamatory macrophages to predominate over proinflammatory |
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what does TZD do? (thiazolidinediones)
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it activates PPAR gamma such that more adipocytes are made and fat is moved from visceral to subcutaneous stores
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what genes are stimulated by PPAR gamma
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adiponectin
LPL IRS1 GLut 4 **all the good things :) |
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How do TZD restore insulin sensitivity:
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1. make more fat cells so FFA release is lowered, less FA, less IR
2. cells are less stuffed with fat, restores adiponectin release, adiponectin promotes antiinflammatory macrophages and increases FA oxidation **overall fat tissue does increase |
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what is metabolic syndrome
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co occurense of several cardiovascular risk factors: belly fat, IR, HTN, atherogenic dyslipidemia
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what is the Dx criteria for metabolic syndrome
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MUST be obses
and have 2 of the following: IR increased TAG Decreased HDL HTN |
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increased TAG and decreased HDL is associated with what?
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Obesity
IR |
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what does weight loss lead to?
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1. decreased proinflamatory macrophages
2. increased adiponectin 3. decreased lipolysis/FFA release, decreased DAG Leads to: decreased IR |
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how to loose weight
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1. burn 2500 cal/week female, 3300cal/wk male
2. decrease calorie intake 3. self monitor weight 4. make different choices |
