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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Obese person has __ kg of fat while a normal has __kg (men).
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24, 12
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BMI = ?
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body mass index = weight (kg)/ height^2 (m^2)
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What BMI value is recommended?
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19-25 (19-34 years old), 21-27 (>35 years old)
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What BMI value is considered overweight?
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25-30
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What BMI value is considered obese?
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>30
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What BMI value is associated with the longest life span?
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18-22
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Men primarily store fat in the _____, women in the _____
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abdominal areas (apples), hips buttocks and thighs (pears)
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Apples associate with better or poorer health than fat in other locations?
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poorer
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____% of US adults are overweight or obese.
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50-65%
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1 lb of adipose tissue = _____ kcal
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3,500 kcal
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Empty stomach leads to release of _____ which increases appetite.
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ghrelin
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The duodenum releases ____ which inhibits food intake in the short or long term?
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CCK, short term
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The intestine releases ____ which inhibits food intake in the short or long term?
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PYY, short term
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The pancreas releases ____ which inhibits food intake in the short or long term?
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insulin, long term
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Adipose tissue releases _____ (concentration proportional to ____) and inhibits food intake in the short or long term?
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leptin, fat mass, long term
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T or F. Most obese patients who are given the previous hormone lose tons of weight.
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False. Most obese patients are leptin resistant
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T or F. The more fat you accumulate, the earlier you reach puberty.
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TRUE, leptin may play a role in detmining the onset of puberty
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Adipose tissue releases ____ (concentration inversely proportional to ____ ) and activates _____, increases FA oxidation, decreases gluconeogenesis.
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adiponectin, BMI, AMPK
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Increased ____ sensitivity is associated with an increased concentration of adiponectin in blood plasma.
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insulin
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Does men or women have higher adiponectin in blood?
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women
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Patients who lose weight show an increased or decreased concentration of ghrelin in plasma?
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increased
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How about patients who underwent gastric bypass surgery?
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decreased ghrelin; 1/4 of normal value due to removal of ghrelin-secreting cells
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Patients with _____ syndrome contain very high concentrations of circulating ghrelin and are obese.
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Prader-Willi
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What is olestra?
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indigestible fats
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What are phentermine and sibutramine?
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weight loss drugs that suppress appetite by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
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Obese patients are insulin sensitive or resistant?
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resistant
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Will obese patients have more or less insulin secretion? More or less Beta-cells?
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more, more
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Do these patients have increased or decreased adiponectin release? What does this associate with?
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decreased adiponectin release associating with decreased insulin sensitivity (which explains why there's so much insulin being released)
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What three effects does decreased insulin sensitivity have on glucose metabolism?
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decreased glucose transport in adipose and muscle, decreased glucose metabolism in adipose and muscle, decreased suppression of glucose output from the liver.
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Nondiabetic obese patients are hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, or hyperglycemic?
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normoglycemic, but hyperinsulinemic
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Why does obesity predispose patients to type 2 diabetes? Do most patients become diabetic?
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When B-cells no longer cope with increased demand for insulin, type 2 occurs. Most obese patients never become diabetic.
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During exercise, what is the difference between glucose uptake of muscles between a normal vs type 1 diabetic patient?
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a certain concentration of insulin is needed for glucose uptake. Type 1 diabetics do not replenish their glycogen stores effectively.
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During exercise, do the concentrations of glucose in the blood change significantly for normal patients? Do they become hypoglycemic? Also, who would?
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nope, the release of counter regulatory hormones breaks down glycogen to replenish muscle consumption of glucose/glucose uptake. Type 1 diabetics do not release glucagon in response to exercise-induced glucose uptake, and this may lead to hypoglycemia.
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