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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abortion
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Loss of pregnancy before the fetus is viable outside the uterus; miscarriage.
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Abruptio placentae
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Partial or total premature separation of a normally implanted placenta.
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Accelerations
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Periodic increases in the baseline fetal heart rate.
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Acculturation
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The process by which people adapt to a new cultural norm.
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Acrocyanosis
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Cyanosis of the extremities.
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Acrosomal reaction
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Breakdown of the hyaluronic acid in the corona radiata by enzymes from the heads of sperm; allows one spermatozoon to penetrate the ovum zona pellucida.
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Active acquired immunity
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Formation of antibodies by the pregnant woman in response to illness or immunization.
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Active management of labor (AMOL)
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Medical protocol for augmentation of labor that includes (1) a strict criterion for labor admission, (2) early amniotomy, (3) high-dose oxytocin infusion for inefficient labor contractions, and (4) a commitment to provision of continuous nursing care.
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Afterpains
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Cramplike pains due to contractions of the uterus that occur after childbirth. They are more common in multiparas, tend to be most severe during nursing, and last 2 to 3 days.
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Alcohol-related birth defect (ARBD)
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Birth defects and cognitive difficulties occurring in infants born to mothers who drink.
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Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
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A fetal protein produced in the yolk sac for the first 6 weeks of gestation and then by the fetal liver.
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Amniocentesis
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Removal of amniotic fluid by insertion of a needle into the amniotic sac; amniotic fluid is used to assess fetal health or maturity.
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Amnioinfusion
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Procedure used to infuse a sterile fluid (such as normal saline) through an intrauterine catheter into the uterus in an attempt to increase the fluid around the umbilical cord to decrease or prevent cord compression during labor contractions; also used to dilute thick meconium-stained amniotic fluid.
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Amnion
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The inner of the two membranes that form the sac containing the fetus and the amniotic fluid.
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Amniotic fluid embolism
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Amniotic fluid that has leaked into the chorionic plate and entered the maternal circulation.
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Amniotic fluid index (AFI)
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A method of reporting fluid volume. The AFI is calculated by dividing the maternal abdomen into four quadrants with the umbilicus as the reference point. Then, the deepest vertical pocket is measured. These measurements are summed to calculate the AFI.
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Amniotic fluid
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The liquid surrounding the fetus in utero. It absorbs shocks, permits fetal movement, and prevents heat loss.
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Amniotomy
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The artificial rupturing of the amniotic membrane.
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Ampulla
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The outer two-thirds of the fallopian tube; fertilization of the ovum by a spermatozoon usually occurs here.
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Antepartum
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Time between conception and the onset of labor; usually used to describe the period during which a woman is pregnant.
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Apgar score
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A scoring system used to evaluate newborns at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. The total score is achieved by assessing five signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each of the signs is assigned a score of 0, 1, or 2. The highest possible score is 10.
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Areola
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Pigmented ring surrounding the nipple of the breast.
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Assimilation
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Occurs when a group completely changes their cultural identity to become part of the majority culture.
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Autosomes
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Chromosomes that are not a sex chromosome.
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Ayurveda
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the classical system of Hindu medicine. Ayurveda is the knowledge of how to live a vital, healthful life.
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Babinski reflex
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Reflex found normally in infants under 6 months of age in which the great toe dorsiflexes when the sole of the foot is stimulated.
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Bacterial vaginosis
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A bacterial infection of the vagina, formerly called Gardnerella vaginalis or Hemophilus vaginalis, characterized by a foul-smelling, grayish vaginal discharge that exhibits a characteristic fishy odor when 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) is added. Microscopic examination of a vaginal wet prep reveals the presence of "clue cells" (vaginal epithelial cells coated with gram-negative organisms).
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Bag of waters (BOW)
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The membrane containing the amniotic fluid and the fetus.
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Ballottement
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A technique of palpation to detect or examine a floating object in the body. In obstetrics, the fetus, when pushed, floats away and then returns to touch the examiner's fingers.
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Barlow's maneuver
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Test designed to detect subluxation or dislocation of the hip. A dysplastic joint will be felt to be dislocated as the femur leaves the actabulum.
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Basal body temperature (BBT)
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The lowest waking temperature.
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Baseline rate
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The average fetal heart rate observed during a 10-minute period of monitoring.
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Baseline variability
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Changes in the fetal heart rate that result from the interplay between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
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Beta human chroionic gonadotropin (beta h CG)
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a product of the trophoblast or placenta that is detected through serum testing and is a very accurate marker of the presence of pregnancy and placental health.
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Biophysical profile
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(BPP) Assessment of five variables in the fetus that help to evaluate fetal risk: breathing movement, body movement, tone, amniotic fluid volume, and fetal heart rate reactivity.
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Birth plan
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A written document prepared by the expectant parents that is used to identify available options in the birth setting.
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Birth rate
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Number of live births per 1000 population.
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Blastocyst
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The inner solid mass of cells within the morula.
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Bloody show
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Pink-tinged mucous secretions resulting from rupture of small capillaries as the cervix effaces and dilates.
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Bogginess
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The softening of the uterus due to inadequate contraction of the muscle tissue.
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Boggy uterus
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A term used to describe the uterine fundus when it is not firmly contracted after the birth of the baby and in the early postpartum period; excessive bleeding occurs from the placental site, and maternal hemorrhage may occur.
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Braxton Hicks contractions
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Intermittent painless contractions of the uterus that may occur every 10 to 20 minutes. They occur more frequently toward the end of pregnancy and are sometimes mistaken for true labor signs.
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Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
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A brief examination used to identify the infant's behavioral states and responses.
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) chronic lung disease (CLD)
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Chronic pulmonary disease of multifactorial etiology characterized initially by alveolar and bronchial necrosis, which results in bronchial metaplasia and interstitial fibrosis. Appears in x-ray films as generalized small, radiolucent cysts within the lungs.
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
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Fat deposits in neonates that provide greater heat-generating activity than ordinary fat. Found around the kidneys, adrenals, and neck; between the scapulas; and behind the sternum. Also called brown fat.
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Caput succedaneum
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Swelling or edema occurring in or under the fetal scalp during labor.
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Cardinal movements
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The positional changes of the fetus as it moves through the birth canal during labor and birth. The positional changes are descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, and external rotation.
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Cephalhematoma
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Subcutaneous swelling containing blood found on the head of an infant several days after birth; it usually disappears within a few weeks to 2 months.
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Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
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A condition in which the fetal head is of such a shape or size, or in such a position, that it cannot pass through the maternal pelvis.
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Cervical dilatation
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Process in which the cervical os and the cervical canal widen from less than a centimeter to approximately 10 cm, allowing birth of the fetus.
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Cervical ripening
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Softening of the cervix; occurs normally as a physiologic process prior to labor or is stimulated to occur through the process of induction of labor.
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Cervix
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The "neck" between the external os and the body of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix extends into the vagina.
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Cesarean birth
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Birth of fetus accomplished by performing a surgical incision through the maternal abdomen and uterus.
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Chadwick's sign
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An objective change or probable sign of pregnancy, is a blue-purple discoloration of the cervix caused by increased vascularization of the uterus during pregnancy.
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Chemical conjunctivitis
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Irritation of the mucous membrane lining of the eyelid; may be due to instillation of silver nitrate ophthalmic drops.
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Chlamydial infection
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Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States.
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Chloasma (melasma gravidarum)
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Brownish pigmentation over the bridge of the nose and the cheeks during pregnancy and in some women who are taking oral contraceptives. Also called mask of pregnancy.
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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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Procedure in which a specimen of the chorionic villi is obtained from the edge of the developing placenta at about 8 weeks' gestation. The sample can be used for chromosomal, enzyme, and DNA tests.
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Chorion
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The fetal membrane closest to the intrauterine wall that gives rise to the placenta and continues as the outer membrane surrounding the amnion.
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Chromosomes
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The threadlike structures within the nucleus of a cell that carry the genes.
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Climacteric
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The period of time that marks the cessation of a woman's reproductive function; the "change of life," or menopause.
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Cold stress
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Excessive heat loss resulting in compensatory mechanisms (increased respirations and nonshivering thermogenesis) to maintain core body temperature. Neonate
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Colostrum
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Secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; contains mainly serum and white blood corpuscles. It has a high protein content, provides some immune properties, and cleanses the neonate's intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.
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Conduction
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Loss of heat to a cooler surface by direct skin contact.
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Continuous epidural infusion (CEI)
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Postcesarean pain control technique in which the epidural catheter is left in place and medication is continually administered via an electric pump.
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Contraction stress test (CST)
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A method of assessing the reaction of the fetus to the stress of uterine contractions. This test may be utilized when contractions are occurring spontaneously or when contractions are artificially induced by oxytocin challenge test (OCT) or breast self-stimulation test (BSST).
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Convection
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Loss of heat from the warm body surface to cooler air currents.
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Corpus luteum
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A small yellow body that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle; it secretes progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle and atrophies about 3 days before the beginning of menstrual flow. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone until the placenta takes over this function.
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Couplet care
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A family-centered approach for maternal-child nursing where both the mother and her baby are cared for by the same nurse, with the baby remaining at the mothers' bedside.
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Couvade
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In some cultures, the male's observance of certain rituals and taboos to signify the transition to fatherhood.
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Crowning
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Appearance of the presenting fetal part at the vaginal orifice during labor.
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Culture
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Defined as the beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices that are accepted by a population, community, or an individual.
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Cycle of violence
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A theory that postulates that battering takes place in a cyclic fashion through three phases: the tension-building phase, the acute battering incident, and the tranquil phase (honeymoon period).
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Cystocele
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The downward displacement of the bladder, which appears as a bulge in the anterior vaginal wall.
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Decelerations
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Periodic decreases in the baseline fetal heart rate.
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Diaphragm
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A flexible disk that covers the cervix to prevent pregnancy.
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Diastasis recti abdominis
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Separation of the recti abdominis muscles along the median line. In women, it is seen with repeated childbirths or multiple gestations. In the newborn, it is usually caused by incomplete development.
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Diploid number of chromosomes
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Containing a set of maternal and a set of paternal chromosomes; in humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46.
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Doula
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A supportive companion who accompanies a laboring woman to provide emotional, physical, and informational support and acts as an advocate for the woman and her family.
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Drowsy/awake state
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A state in the infant sleep/awake cycles that occurs between light sleep and the quiet alert state and is marked by the infant opening and closing their eyes, but the eyes appear glazed and face is often still. They may return to sleep or awaken further in response to stimuli.
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Ductus arteriosus
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A communication channel between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta of the fetus. It is obliterated after birth by rising PO2 and changes in intravascular pressure in the presence of normal pulmonary functioning. It normally becomes a ligament after birth but sometimes remains patent (patent ductus arteriosus, a treatable condition).
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Ductus venosus
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A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver; it becomes a ligament after birth.
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Duration
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The time length of each contraction, measured from the beginning of the increment to the completion of the decrement.
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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
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A condition characterized by anovulatory cycles with abnormal uterine bleeding that does not have a demonstrable organic cause.
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Dysmenorrhea
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Painful menstruation.
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Dyspareunia
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Painful intercourse.
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Dystocia
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Difficult labor due to mechanical factors produced by the fetus or the maternal pelvis or due to inadequate uterine or other muscular activity.
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Early adolescence
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Refers to adolescents who are age 14 and under.
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Early deceleration
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Periodic change in fetal heart rate pattern caused by head compression; deceleration has a uniform appearance and early onset in relation to maternal contraction.
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Early postpartal hemorrhage
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A loss of blood of greater than 500 mL following birth. The hemorrhage is classified as early if it occurs within the first 24 hours and late if it occurs after the first 24 hours.
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Eclampsia
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Defined as the occurrence of either seizure or coma associated with pregnancy and not caused by other neurologic disease.
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Ectoderm
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Outer layer of cells in the developing embryo that gives rise to the skin, nails, and hair.
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Ectopic pregnancy
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Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity; common sites are the abdomen, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Also called oocyesis.
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Effacement
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Thinning and shortening of the cervix that occurs late in pregnancy or during labor.
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Effleurage
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A light stroking movement of the fingertips over the abdominal area during labor; used to provide distraction during labor contractions.
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Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM)
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A method of placing a fetal monitor on the fetus in order to obtain a continuous tracing of the FHR, which allows many characteristics of the fetal heart rate to be observed and evaluated.
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Emancipated minors
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Minors who are legally considered to have assumed the rights of an adult. An adolescent may be considered emancipated if he or she is self-supporting and living away from home, married, pregnant, a parent, or in the military.
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Embryonic membranes
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The amnion and chorion.
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Embryo
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The early stage of development of the young of any organism. In humans the embryonic period is from about 2 to 8 weeks' gestation and is characterized by cellular differentiation and predominantly hyperplastic growth.
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En face
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An assumed position in which one person looks at another and maintains his or her face in the same vertical plane as that of the other.
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Endoderm
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The inner layer of cells in the developing embryo that give rise to internal organs such as the intestines.
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Endometrial biopsy
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Procedure provides information about the effects of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation and endometrial receptivity.
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Endometriosis
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Ectopic endometrium located outside the uterus in the pelvic cavity. Symptoms may include pelvic pain or pressure, dysmenorrhea, dispareunia, abnormal bleeding from the uterus or rectum, and sterility.
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Endometrium
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The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the uterus.
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Engagement
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The entrance of the fetal presenting part into the superior pelvic strait and the beginning of the descent through the pelvic canal.
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Engrossment
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Characteristic sense of absorption, preoccupation, and interest in the infant demonstrated by fathers during early contact with their infants.
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Epidural block
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Regional anesthesia effective through the first and second stages of labor.
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Episiotomy
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Incision of the perineum to facilitate birth and to avoid laceration of the perineum.
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Epstein's pearls
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Small, white blebs found along the gum margins and at the junction of the hard and soft palates; commonly seen in the newborn as a normal manifestation.
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Erb-Duchenne paralysis (Erb's palsy)
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Paralysis of the arm and chest wall as a result of a birth injury to the brachial plexus or a subsequent injury to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves.
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Erythema toxicum
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Innocuous pink papular rash of unknown cause with superimposed vesicles; it appears within 24 to 48 hours after birth and resolves spontaneously within a few days.
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn characterized by anemia, jaundice, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and generalized edema. Caused by isoimmunization due to Rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility.
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Estimated date of birth
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(EDB) During a pregnancy, the approximate date when childbirth will occur; the "due date."
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Ethnocentrism
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An individual's belief that the values and practices of his or her own culture are the best ones.
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Evaporation
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Loss of heat incurred when water on the skin surface is converted to a vapor.
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Evidence-based practice
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An approach to problem-solving and decision making that is based on the consideration of data from research, statistical analysis, quality measures, risk management measurements, and other sources of reliable information.
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External cephalic version
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(ECV) Procedure involving external manipulation of the maternal abdomen to change the presentation of the fetus from breech to cephalic.
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Fallopian tubes
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Tubes that extend from the lateral angle of the uterus and terminate near the ovary; they serve as a passageway for the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and for the spermatozoa from the uterus toward the ovary. Also called oviducts and uterine tubes.
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Family assessment
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The process by which a nurse collects data regarding a family's current level of functioning, support systems, sociocultural influences, home and work environment, type of family, family structure, and needs.
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Family development
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The changes that families experience over time, including changes in relationships, communication patterns, roles, and interactions.
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