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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is infertility?
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when pregnancy does not exist after 1 yr of trying
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About ____% of couples in the US are infertile.
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14%
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What are some causes of male infertility?
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low sperm count, decreased motility of sperm, varicoceles, DES exposure, obstruction of ducts, chromosomal problems
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What is the most common chromosome abnormality that results in male infertility?
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klinefelter's syndrome
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T or F. Cystic fibrosis causes infertility.
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TRUE
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With cystic fibrosis there is absence of the ____ ____ leading to obstructive ____.
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vas deferens, azoospermia
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What is a treatment for male infertility?
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IUI (intrauterine insemination)
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What is an IUI?
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catheter containing sperm is placed in the uterus
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What are some common methods of evaluating ovulation?
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basal body temp (temp increase 1-2 days b4 ovulation), ovulation prediction test kit (LH surge)
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An increase in LH levels occurs ____ hrs before ovulation.
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24-48
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What can absence of ovulation be associated with?
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amennorhea, oligomenorrhea
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What fertility drug therapy is used to induce ovulation?
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clomid (clomiphen citrate)
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What may be prescribed if clomid is unsuccessful?
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pergonal (human menopausal gonadotropin)
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To induce ovulation ____ may be used as well.
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hCG
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What are the 5 main causes of female infertility?
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ovulatory causes, luteal phase inadequacy, uterine abnormalities, tubal & cervical factors
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The ovulatory causes of female infertility include what 2 things?
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polycystic ovarian disease, luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome
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Polycystic ovarian disease is characterized by ____ ____ ____.
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immature ovarian follicles
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There is chronic ____ and an excess production of ____ w/ PCOD.
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anovulation, androgens
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T or F. PCOD is a complex endocrine disorder.
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TRUE
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With luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome the dominant follicle matures but does not ____.
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ovulate
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Luteal phase inadequacy results in an inadequate production of:
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progesterone, estradiol, & endo response to progesterone
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With luteal phase inadequacy the endo will be ____ than expected in the ____ phase.
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thinner, secretory
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What is a thin endo associated with?
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infertility, & early pregnancy loss
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What do the uterine abnormalities of female infertility include?
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mullerian anomalies, DES exposure & structural defects
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Three mullerian anomalies include:
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septate uterus, unicornuate uterus & bicornuate uterus
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What type of uterus is most commonly associated w/ reproductive failure?
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septate uterus
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T or F. A bicornuate uterus has a low incidence of infertility problems.
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TRUE
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A septate uterus causes a problem w/ ____.
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implantation
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What does DES exposure cause?
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a small t-shaped uterus & tubal deformity
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4 types of structual defects of the uterus include?
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lesions in the uterus (act as IUD), submucosal fibroid, synechia, endo polyps
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What is synechia?
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adhesions w/in the uterine cavity
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Fibroids are responsible for ____% of all infertility problems.
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10%
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The imaging methods best suited to evaluate uterine congenital anomalies include:
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MRI & HSG (hysterosalpingogram)
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The most common cause of female infertility is ____ ____.
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tubal factors
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Tubal damage inhibits transport of the ____ & ____.
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gametes & ovum
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A history of ____ is the main tubal factors affecting infertility.
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PID
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The most common cause of infection (PID) is ____.
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chlamydia
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Ectopic implantation of endo tissue is known as ____.
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endometriosis
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A hysterosalpingodram uses ____ ____ while a hysterosonogram uses ____.
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radiopaque dye, saline
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Peritoneal cause of infertility include ____ & ____.
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adhesions & endometriosis
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Endometriosis cyclically ____.
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bleeds
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The gold standard for evaluation of pelvic adhesions & endometriosis is ____.
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laparoscopy
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What is the cervix's role in fertility?
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provides a NON-HOSTILE environment to harbor sperm
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What is a PCT?
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a postcoital test- examines the ability of sperm to move thru cervical mucous
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Less than ____mm in the internal os diameter may indicate cervical stenosis.
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1 mm
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Cervical stenosis can be ____ or ____.
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congenital or acquired
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Other causes of infertility include:
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excess weight, thyroid disease & diabetes
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Three interventional techniques to help w/ harvesting oocytes include:
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IVF, GIFT, ZIFT
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What is IVF?
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transcervical placement of an embryo into the uterine cavity
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What is GIFT (gamate intrafallopian transfer)?
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sperm & egg are injected into the fimbriated end of fallopian tube
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What is ZIFT? (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
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transcervical placement of a zygote into fallopian tube
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A test tube baby is a term for ____.
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IVF
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What is the 1st step with IVF?
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gain control of womans menstrual cycle by administering leuprolide acetate
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Injection of sperm directly into an egg is known as ____.
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ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
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Optimal embryo placement is within ____cm of the ____ of the fundus.
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1 - 1.5 cm, apex
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Lupron may cause ____ ____.
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hot flashes
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What does HCG do?
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stimulate release of the egg from the follicle
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With ART, follicles are aspirated if they reach a mean diameter of ____mm.
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18 - 22mm
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The presence of ____ ____ combined w/ a ____ endo suggest low circulating levels of estradiol.
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dominant follicles, thin
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The endo must measure greater than ____mm @ the time of embryo transfer w/ endo monitoring.
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10 mm
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GIFT occurs ____ the female & ZIFT occurs ____ the female.
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inside, outside
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There is a ____% success rate per cycle w/ GIFT & ZIFT.
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22 - 28%
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