Ob Exam 2 Part 2

Front 1

Mrs. M., a Mexican-American who just gave birth, tells the nurse not to include certain foods on her meal tray because her mother told her to avoid those foods while breastfeeding. The nurse tells her that she doesn't have to avoid any foods and should eat what is on her tray so she will heal well.

Back 1

Ethnocentrism

Front 2

Ms. P., an immigrant from Vietnam, has lived in the US for one year. She tells you that she enjoys the comfort of wearing blue jeans and sneakers on casual occasions such as shopping even though she never would have done so in Vietnam

Back 2

Acculturation

Front 3

A Cambodian family emigrated to the US and have been living in Denver for over 5 years. The parents express concern about their children 10, 13, and 16 years of age, stating, "The children act so differently now. They are less respectful to us, want to eat only American food and do to rock concerts. It's hard to believe they are our children."

Back 3

Assimulation

Front 4

In Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the Amish represent an important ethnic community

Back 4

Subcultures

Front 5

The nurse is preparing a healthy diet plan for Mrs. O. In doing so, she takes the time to include the Polish foods that are favorites of Mrs. O.

Back 5

Cultural competence

Front 6

Vitamin essential for the proper closure of the neural tube and prevention of neural tube defects

Back 6

folic acid (Folate)

Front 7

Birth weight of 2500 g or less

Back 7

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

Front 8

Birth weight of less than 1500 g

Back 8

Very low birth weight (VLBW)

Front 9

Term used to refer to the inadequate growth of the fetus while in utero

Back 9

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Front 10

Method of evaluating appropriateness of weight for height

Back 10

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Front 11

Modest but expected decrease in the hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit as a result of the relative excess of plasma

Back 11

Physiologic anemia

Front 12

Inability to digest milk sugar because of the lack of the lactase enzyme in the small intestine

Back 12

Lactose intolerance

Front 13

Practice of consuming nonfood substances such as clay, soil, and laundry starch or excessive amounts of food stuffs low in nutritional value such as ice, freezer frost, baking powder or soda, and cornstarch.

Back 13

Pica

Front 14

Urge to consume specific types of foods such as ice cream, pickles, and pizza during pregnancy

Back 14

Food cravings

Front 15

Severe and persistent vomiting during pregnancy that causes weight loss, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance

Back 15

Hyperemisis gravidarum

Front 16

Heartburn usually caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus.

Back 16

Pyrosis

Front 17

Type of vegetarian who will consume eggs and dairy products in addition to plant products

Back 17

Ovolactovegetarians

Front 18

Strict vegetarian who consumes only plant products

Back 18

vegan

Front 19

Important component of perinatal health care services that stresses risk management and healthy behaviors to promote the health of a woman, of a man, and their potential fetus

Back 19

Preconception education and care

Front 20

Prepared childbirth method that is referred to as childbirth without fear. It is based on a theory that pain in childbirth is socially conditioned and is caused by a __________ syndrome

Back 20

Grantly Dick-Read; fear-tension-pain

Front 21

Prepared childbirth method that is also referred to as the psychoprophylactic method

Back 21

Lamaze

Front 22

Prepared childbirth method is known as partner (husband)-coached childbirth.

Back 22

Bradley

Front 23

Tool used by parents to explore their childbirth options and choose those that are most important to them

Back 23

Birthplan

Front 24

Physician who specializes in the care of women during pregnancy

Back 24

Obstetrician

Front 25

Registered nurse with additional education and training in the care of women and their families during pregnancy

Back 25

Nurse-Midwife

Front 26

Caregivers trained through self-study, apprenticeship, or midwifery schools or universities as a profession distinct from nursing

Back 26

Direct entry midwives (certified professional midwives)

Front 27

Labor attendant who is professionally trained to provide physical, emotional, and informational support to women and their partners during labor and birth

Back 27

Doula

Front 28

Special units used for the labor, birth, and the first 1 to 2 hours afterward, providing time for bonding with the newborn. The woman and her baby are then transferred to a postpartum unit

Back 28

Labor-delivery-recovery (LDR)

Front 29

Special units used for the total care of a woman from admission to labor until postpartum discharge. Women and their families may remain in these rooms for 6 to 48 hours

Back 29

Labor-delivery-recovery-postpartum (LDRP)

Front 30

Health care agency for childbirth built in a location separate from the hospital but usually located in close proximity to it in case transfer of a woman and/or her baby is required

Back 30

Free standing birth center

Front 31

Abolition of pain perception by interrupting nerve impulses to the brain. Loss of sensation (partial or complete), and sometimes loss of consciousness, occurs

Back 31

Anesthesia

Front 32

Method used to repair a tear in the dura mater around the spinal cord as a result of spinal anesthesia; the goal is to treat postdural puncture headache (PDPH)

Back 32

Epidural blood patch

Front 33

Single-injection, subarachnoid anesthesia useful for pain control during vaginal or cesarean birth but not for labor

Back 33

Spinal anesthesia (Block)

Front 34

Systemic analgesic that provides analgesia without causing significant maternal or neonatal respiratory depression

Back 34

Opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic

Front 35

Gas mixed with oxygen, which is inhaled beginning 30 seconds before the onset of a contraction to reduce but not eliminate pain during the first and second stages of labor

Back 35

Nitrous oxide

Front 36

Injection of an opioid agonist analgesic into the spinal fluid to relieve pain associated with labor and following cesarean birth

Back 36

Intrathecal analgesia

Front 37

Drug used to potentiate the effect of an opiod agonist analgesic, decrease anxiety, and relieve nausea and vomiting

Back 37

Phenothiazine

Front 38

Drug given to reverse the CNS depressant effects of opioid agonist analgesics especially respiratory depression of the mother and newborn

Back 38

Opioid antagonist

Front 39

Medication such as an opioid agonist analgesic that is usually administered intravenously for pain relief during labor

Back 39

Systemic analgesic

Front 40

Alleviation of pain sensation or raising of pain threshold without loss of consciousness

Back 40

Analgesia

Front 41

Relief from pain of uterine contractions and birth by injecting a local anesthetic and/or an opioid agonist analgesic into the peridural space

Back 41

Epidural anesthesia/analgesia

Front 42

Anesthetic that relieves pain in the lower vagina, vulva, and perineum, making it useful for episiotomy repair and forceps or vacuum-assisted birth

Back 42

Pudendal nerve block

Front 43

Type of pain that predominates during the first stage of labor and is located over the lower abdomen; it results from cervical changes, distention of the lower uterine segment, and uterine ischemia

Back 43

Visceral pain

Front 44

Type of pain that predominates during the second stage of labor; it results from stretching and distention of perineal tissues and the pelvic floor to allow passage of the fetus, and distention and traction on the peritoneal and uterocervical supports during contractions, and from lacerations of soft tissues

Back 44

Somatic pain

Front 45

Type of pain that is felt in areas of the body other than the area of pain origin. During labor and birth, pain originating in the uterus radiates to the abdominal wall, lumbosacral area of the back, iliac crests, gluteal area, and down the thighs

Back 45

Referred pain

Front 46

Theory of pain based on the principle that certain nerve cell groupings within the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral cortex have the ability to modulate the pain impulse through a blocking mechanism. According to this theory, pain sensations travel along sensory nerve pathways to the brain, but only a limited number of sensations or messages can travel through these nerve pathways at one time

Back 46

Gate control

Front 47

Endogenous opioids secreted by the pituitary gland that act on the central and peripheral nervous systems to reduce pain

Back 47

Endorphins

Front 48

Paced breathing technique during which the woman breathes at approximately half her normal breathing rate. It is usually the first technique that is used in early labor when the woman can no longer talk or walk her way through a contraction.

Back 48

Slow-paced breathing

Front 49

Paced breathing technique during which the woman breathes at an accelerated rate approximately twice her normal breathing rate.

Back 49

Modified-paced breathing

Front 50

Deep breath that is taken at the beginning of a contraction to greet it and end of each contraction to blow it away

Back 50

Deep cleansing breath

Front 51

Paced breathing technique that combines breaths and puffs in a ratio (e.g., 3:1 or 4:1) as a means to enhance concentration during the transition phase of the first stage of labor

Back 51

Patterned paced breathing

Front 52

Rapid, deep breathing that can be an undesirable outcome of the more rapid and more shallow types of paced breathing techniques

Back 52

Hyperventilation

Front 53

Light stroking of the abdomen or other body part in rhythm with breathing during contractions

Back 53

Effleurage

Front 54

Steady pressure applied against the laboring woman's sacrum by the nurse or coach using the fist or heel of the hand; it is especially helpful during back labor

Back 54

Counter pressure

Front 55

Nonpharmacologic comfort measure that uses the buoyancy of the warm water to provide support for tense muscles, relief from discomfort, and general body relaxation

Back 55

Water therapy (hydrotherapy)

Front 56

Nonpharmacologic pain control technique that involves placing two pairs of electrodes on either side of the woman's thoracic and sacral spine to provide continuous low-intensity electrical impulses or stimuli that can be increased during a contraction

Back 56

Transcutaneous electrical nerve electrical stimulation (TENS)

Front 57

Nonpharmacologic pain control technique that is based on the application of pressure, heat, or cold on a specific body points called tsubos

Back 57

Accupressure

Front 58

Nonpharmacologic pain control technique based on the premise that a person can recognize his or her body's physical signals and use mental processes to change or control certain internal physiologic events

Back 58

Biofeedback

Front 59

Use of essential oils from plants, flowers, herbs, and trees to promote health and well-being, enhance relaxation, and treat illnesses

Back 59

Aromatherapy

Front 60

Injection of small amounts of sterile water using a fine needle into four locations on the lower back to relieve low back pain

Back 60

Intradermal water block

Front 61

State of CNS depression in the newborn produced by an opioid

Back 61

Neonatal narcosis

Front 62

Interval between the birth of the newborn and the return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant state

Back 62

Puerperium (Postpartum period, 4th trimester)

Front 63

Return of the uterus to a nonpregnant after birth; process begins immediately after expulsion of the placenta with contraction of the uterine smooth muscle

Back 63

Involution

Front 64

Self-destruction of excess hypertrophied tissue

Back 64

Autolysis

Front 65

Failure of the uterus to return to a nonpregnant state. The most common causes for this failure are retained _______ and _______.

Back 65

Subinvolution; placental fragments; infection

Front 66

Uncomfortable cramping caused by periodic relaxation and vigorous contractions of the uterus

Back 66

Afterpains

Front 67

Postbirth uterine discharge.

Back 67

Lochia

Front 68

First stage of bright red postbirth uterine discharge consisting primarily of blood and decidual and trophoblastic debris.

Back 68

Rubra

Front 69

Second stage of pink or brown postbirth uterine discharge consisting of old blood, serum, leukocytes, and tissue debris.

Back 69

Serosa

Front 70

Third stage of yellow to white postbirth vaginal discharge consisting of leukocytes, decidua, epithilial cells, mucus, serum, and bacteria

Back 70

Alba

Front 71

Lengthening and weakening of the fascial supports of the pelvic structures that can occur later in a woman's life as a result of changes associated with childbirth

Back 71

Pelvic relaxation

Front 72

Separation of the abdominal wall muscles

Back 72

Diastasis recti abdominis

Front 73

Profuse sweating/perspiration that often occurs at night for the first 2 to 3 days after childbirth in order to eliminate excess tissue fluid accumulated during pregnancy

Back 73

Postpartum diaphoresis

Front 74

Increased urinary output after childbirth in order to eliminate excess tissue fluid accumulated during pregnancy

Back 74

Postpartum diuresis

Front 75

Clear yellow fluid present in the breasts during the first 24 hours after birth

Back 75

Colostrum

Front 76

Vasocongestion of the breasts that occurs on the third or fourth postpartum day; it results in distended (swollen), firm, tender breasts that are warm to touch.

Back 76

Engorgement

Front 77

Anal varicosities

Back 77

Hemorrhoids

Front 78

The first 1 to 2 hours after birth

Back 78

4th stage of labor

Front 79

Nursing care management approach where one nurse cares for both the mother and her infant. It is also called _______ or ________ care.

Back 79

Couplet care; mother-baby care; single room maternity

Front 80

Term used for the decreasing length of hospital stays of mothers and their babies after low risk births. Other terms used are _______ and ________.

Back 80

Early pospartum discharge; Shortened hospital stay; 1-day maternity-stay

Front 81

Classification of medications that stimulate contraction of the uterine smooth muscle

Back 81

Oxytocic

Front 82

Failure of the uterine muscle to contract firmly. It is the most frequent cause of excessive bleeding following childbirth.

Back 82

Uterine atony

Front 83

Perineal treatment that involves sitting in warm water twice a day or more often for approximately 20 minutes to soothe and cleanse the site and to increase blood flow, thereby enhancing healing

Back 83

Sitz bath

Front 84

Menstrual-like cramps experienced by many women as the uterus contracts after childbirth

Back 84

Afterpains (After-birth pains)

Front 85

Dilation of the blood vessels supplying the intestines as a result of the rapid decease in intraabdominal pressure after birth. It causes blood to pool in the viscera and, thereby, contributes to the development of orthostatic hypotension when the woman who has recently given birth sits or stands up, first ambulates, or takes a warm shower or sitz bath

Back 85

Splanchnic engorgement

Front 86

Complaint of pain in calf muscles when dorsiflexion of the foot is forced. The presence of pain is associated with the presence of thrombophlebitis

Back 86

Homans sign

Front 87

Exercises that can assist women to regain muscle tone that is often lost when pelvic tissues are stretched and town during pregnancy and birth

Back 87

Kegel

Front 88

Swelling of breast tissue caused by increased blood and lymph supply to the breasts as the body produces milk

Back 88

Engorgement

Front 89

Vaccine that can be given to postpartum women whose antibody titer is 1:8 or whose enzyme immunoassay (EIA) level is less than 0.8. It is used to prevent nonimmune women from contracting this TORCH infection during a subsequent pregnancy.

Back 89

Rubella

Front 90

_________ is administered within 72 hours of birth to a Rh-negative, antibody (Coombs test)-negative women who have Rh-positive newborns

Back 90

RhoGAM (Rh Immune Globulin)

Front 91

Test that is performed if a large fetomaternal transfusion in suspected to more accurately determine the amount of fetal blood present in the maternal circulation so that the correct dosage of RhoGAM can be given

Back 91

Kleihauer-Berke

Front 92

The common bleeding disorders of early pregnancy

Back 92

Spontaneous (abortion) miscarriage
incomplete cervix
ectopic pregnancy
hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)

Front 93

The common bleeding disorders of late pregnancy

Back 93

Placenta previa
premature separation of placenta (abruptio placentae)
variations in the cord insertion and the placenta

Front 94

Pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks of gestation, the point of viability when the fetus can survive outside the uterus. The five types are:

Back 94

Spontaneous (abortion) miscarriage; threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, and missed

Front 95

Term used to refer to three or more consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks gestation.

Back 95

Habitual miscarriage (recurrent spontaneous abortion - RSA)

Front 96

Placental hormone used in the diagnosis of pregnancy and pregnancy loss

Back 96

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Front 97

Surgical procedure in which the cervix is widened and an instrument is inserted to scrape the uterine wall and remove uterine contents. It is commonly performed to treat inevitable and incomplete miscarriage.

Back 97

Dilation & curettage (D&C)

Front 98

A cause of late miscarriage; it is traditionally defined as passive and painless dilation of the cervix during the second trimester

Back 98

incomplete cervix (recurrent premature dilation of the cervix)

Front 99

Procedure in which a band of homologous fascia, or nonabsorbable ribbon is placed around the cervix beneath the mucosa to constrict the internal os of the cervix

Back 99

cervical cerclage

Front 100

Pregnancy in which the gestational sac is implanted outside the uterine cavity, usually in the ampulla or largest part of the uterine tube

Back 100

Ectopic pregnancy

Front 101

An ecchymotic blueness around the umbilicus indicating hematoperitoneum; it may develop in an undiagnosed intraabdominal ectopic pregnancy

Back 101

Cullen sign

Front 102

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Back 102

Hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)

Front 103

Term used to refer to the result of fertilization of an egg with a lost or inactivated nucleus; it resembles a bunch of white grapes and increases the woman's risk for choriocarcinoma

Back 103

complete (classic) hydatidiform mole

Front 104

Term used to refer to the result of two sperm fertilizing an apparently normal ovum; embryonic or fetal parts and an amniotic sac are often present in the uterus

Back 104

partial hydatidiform mole

Front 105

Implantation of the placenta in the lower uterine segment near or over the internal cervical os

Back 105

placenta previa

Front 106

Detachment of part or all of the placenta from its implantation site

Back 106

Premature separation of the placenta (abruptio placentae)

Front 107

Disorder of the uterus in which blood accumulates between a separating placenta and the uterine wall; the uterus appears purplish and copper colored, it is ecchymotic, and contractility is lost

Back 107

Couvelaire uterus

Front 108

Placental anomaly wherein the cord vessels begin to branch at the membranes and then course into the placenta

Back 108

Velamentous insertion of the cord

Front 109

Marginal insertion of the cord into the placenta

Back 109

Battledore placenta

Front 110

Placenta is divided into two or more separate lobes

Back 110

succenturiate placenta

Front 111

Abnormality of the umbilical cord in which the blood vessels are not surrounded by Wharton's Jelly or supportive tissue; as a result, the umbilical blood vessels are at risk for laceration at any time

Back 111

Vasa previa

Front 112

Pathologic form of clotting that is diffuse and consumes large amounts of clotting factors, causing widespread external bleeding, internal bleeding, or both

Back 112

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or consumptive coagulopathy

Front 113

Postpartum mood disorder characterized by an intense and pervasive sadness with severe and labile mood swings. The woman experiences feelings of guilt and inadequacy and worries about being an incompetent mother

Back 113

Postpartum depression w/o psychotic features

Front 114

Syndrome most often characterized by depression, delusions, hallucinations, and thoughts by the mother of harming either the infant, herself, or both

Back 114

postpartum depression with psychotic features (postpartum psychosis)

Front 115

Beta-adrenergic agonist, often administered intravenously, is the only drug approved by the FDA for the purpose of suppressing uterine contractions

Back 115

Ritodrine (Yutopar)

Front 116

An antenatal corticosteroid used to accelerate fetal lung maturity when there is risk for preterm birth

Back 116

Betamethasone

Front 117

Beta-adrenergic agonist often administered subcutaneously using a syringe or pump

Back 117

Terbutaline (Brethine)

Front 118

Classification of drugs used to suppress uterine activity

Back 118

Tocolytic

Front 119

A CNS depressant that is used during preterm labor for its ability to relax smooth muscles. It is administered intravenously

Back 119

magnesium sulfate

Front 120

A nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication that reflexes smooth muscles as a result of prostaglandin inhibition. It can be administered rectally or orally.

Back 120

Indomethacin (Indocin)

Front 121

Tocolytic medication administered subcutaneously to suppress hyperstimulation of the uterus

Back 121

Terbutiline (brethine)

Front 122

Classification of substances that can be used to ripen the cervix and/or stimulate uterine contractions

Back 122

Prostaglandin

Front 123

Cervical ripening agent in the form of a vaginal insert that is placed in the posterior fornix of the vagina

Back 123

Dinoprostone (Cervidil)

Front 124

Cervical ripening agent in the form of a gel, which is inserted into the cervical canal just below the internal os

Back 124

Dinoprostone (Prepidil)

Front 125

Pituitary hormone used to stimulate uterine contractions in the augmentation of induction of labor

Back 125

Oxytocin (Pitocin)

Front 126

Natural cervical dilator made from dessicated seaweed

Back 126

Laminariatent

Front 127

Cervical ripening agent used in the form of a tablet that is inserted intravaginally into the posterior vaginal fornix

Back 127

Misoprostol (cytotec)

Front 128

Cervical changes and uterine contractions occurring between 20 and 37 weeks of pregnancy

Back 128

Preterm labor

Front 129

Birth that occurs before the completion of 37 weeks of pregnancy

Back 129

Preterm birth

Front 130

Birth that occurs before the completion of 32 weeks of pregnancy

Back 130

Very Preterm Birth

Front 131

Substances that, if detected in maternal salivary or cervical secretions, can be used to predict who might experience preterm labor. The two most commonly used are ______ and ____.

Back 131

Biochemical markers; fetal fibronectin; salivary estriol

Front 132

Glycoproteins found in plasma and produced during fetal life. Their appearance between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation could predict preterm labor. The negative predictive value is high, whereas the positive predictive value is lower. The test is done during a vaginal examination.

Back 132

Fetal fibronectins

Front 133

Form of estrogen produced by the fetus that is present in plasma at 9 weeks of gestation. Levels have been shown to increase before preterm birth. The negative predictive value is high, whereas the positive predictive value is low

Back 133

Salivary estriol

Front 134

Classification of medications given to accelerate fetal lung maturity. One example of this classification is _______.

Back 134

Antenatal corticosteriods; betamethasone

Front 135

Classification of medications used to suppress uterine activity

Back 135

Tocolytics

Front 136

Rupture of the amniotic sac and leakage of amniotic fluid beginning at least 1 hour before the onset of labor at any gestational age

Back 136

premature rupture of membranes (PROM)

Front 137

Rupture of the amniotic sac and leakage of fluid before 37 weeks of gestation

Back 137

preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)

Front 138

Intraamniotic infection of the chorion and amnion that is potentially like threatening for the fetus and the woman

Back 138

Chorioamnionitis

Front 139

Long, difficult, or abnormal labor caused by various conditions associated with the five factors of labor

Back 139

dystocia

Front 140

Abnormal uterine contractions that prevent the normal progress of cervical dilation and effacement (primary powers) or fetal descent (secondary powers)

Back 140

Dysfunctional labor

Front 141

Primary dysfunctional labor often experienced by an anxious first-time mother who is having painful, frequent contractions that are ineffective in causing cervical effacement and dilation to progress

Back 141

Hypertonic uterine dysfunction

Front 142

Secondary uterine inertia usually occurring when a woman initially makes normal progress into the active phase of labor, then finds that uterine contractions become weak and inefficient or stop all together

Back 142

Hypotonic uterine dysfunction

Front 143

Labor that lasts less than 3 hours from the onset of contractions to the time of birth

Back 143

Precipitous labor

Front 144

difficult labor that results when there are contractures of the pelvic diameters that reduce the capacity of the bony pelvis, including the inlet, midpelvis, outlet, or any combination of these planes

Back 144

Pelvic dystocia

Front 145

difficult labor that results from obstruction of the birth passage by an anatomic abnormality other than that involving the bony pelvis. The obstruction may result from placenta previa, uterine fibroids, ovarian tumors, and a full bladder or rectum

Back 145

soft tissue dystocia

Front 146

difficult labor than may be caused by fetal anomalies, excessive fetal size and malpresentation, malposition, or multifetal pregnancy

Back 146

fetal dystocia

Front 147

Term used to refer to excessive fetal size in comparison to the size of the maternal pelvis

Back 147

cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) or fetopelvic disproportion (FPD)

Front 148

The most common fetal malposition

Back 148

occipitoposterior position

Front 149

The most common fetal malpresentation

Back 149

breech presentation

Front 150

Gestation of twins, triplets, quadruplets, or more infants

Back 150

multifetal pregnancy

Front 151

Attempt to turn the fetus from a breech or shoulder presentation to a vertex presentation for birth by exerting gentle, constant pressure on the abdomen

Back 151

External cephalic version (ECV)

Front 152

Attempt to turn the fetus by inserting a hand into the uterus and changing the presentation to cephalic or podalic; it may be used in twin pregnancies to deliver the second fetus

Back 152

internal version

Front 153

Observation of a woman and her fetus for a reasonable period of spontaneous active labor (e.g., 4-6 hours) to assess the safety of vaginal birth for the mother and infant

Back 153

Trial of labor

Front 154

Chemical or mechanical initiation of uterine contractions before their spontaneous onset for the purpose of bringing about the birth

Back 154

Induction of labor

Front 155

Rating system used to evaluate the inducibility of the cervix. The five characteristics assessed by this system are:

Back 155

Bishop score; dilation (cm), effacement (%), station (cm), cervical consistency, and cervical position

Front 156

Artificial rupture of the membranes, which can be used to induce labor when the cervix is ripe or to augment labor is the progress is slow

Back 156

amniotomy

Front 157

hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that can stimulate the uterus to contract

Back 157

oxytocin

Front 158

stimulation of uterine contractions after labor has started spontaneously but progress is unsatisfactory

Back 158

augmentation of labor

Front 159

Birth accomplished with the use of an instrument with two curved blades to assist in the birth of the fetal head

Back 159

Forceps-assisted birth

Front 160

Birth method involving the attachment of a vacuum cup to the fetal head and then using negative pressure to assist in the birth of the head

Back 160

vacuum-assisted birth (vacuum extraction)

Front 161

birth of a fetus through a transabdominal incision of the uterus

Back 161

Cesarean birth

Front 162

pregnancy that extends beyond the end of week 42 gestation

Back 162

postterm (postdate) pregnancy

Front 163

Obstetric emergency in which the head of the fetus is born but the anterior shoulder cannot pass under the pubic arch. Two major causes are macrosomia and maternal pelvic abnormalities

Back 163

Shoulder dystocia

Front 164

Complication of childbirth that occurs when the cord lies below the presenting part of the fetus

Back 164

prolapse of umbilical cord

Front 165

Complications of childbirth that occurs when amniotic fluid containing particles of debris enters the maternal circulation and obstructs pulmonary blood vessels, causing respiratory distress and circulatory collapse. Amniotic fluid is more dangerous when it contains thick ________, because it can clog the pulmonary veins more completely than can other debris.

Back 165

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE); meconium

Front 166

loss of more than 500ml of blood after vaginal birth or 1000ml of blood after cesarean birth. Additional criteria that may be used are 10% change in hematocrit between admission for labor and postpartum or the need for erythrocyte transfusion. It can be classified as _____ if it occurs within the first 24 hours after birth or _____ if it occurs after the first 24 hours through 6 weeks postpartum

Back 166

postpartum hemorrhage (PPH); early (acute, primary); late (secondary)

Front 167

Marked hypotonia of the uterus. It is the leading cause of PPH

Back 167

uterine atony

Front 168

Most common of all injuries in the low portion of genital tract; they are classified as first, second, third, and forth degree

Back 168

perineal lacerations

Front 169

Accumulation of blood in the connective tissue as a result of blood-vessel damage. _____ are the most common type following birth

Back 169

Hematoma; vulva hematomas

Front 170

Term used to refer to slight penetration of the myometrium by placental trophoblast

Back 170

placenta accreta

Front 171

Term used to refer to deep penetration of the myometrium by the placenta

Back 171

placenta increta

Front 172

Term used to refer to perforation of the uterus by the placenta

Back 172

placenta percreta

Front 173

Turning of the uterus inside out after birth

Back 173

Inversion of the uterus

Front 174

Delayed return of the enlarged uterus to normal size and function following birth. Recognized causes of this delay include ______ and _______.

Back 174

Subinvolution; retained placental fragments; pelvic infection

Front 175

Emergency situation in which profuse blood loss can result in severely compromised perfusion of body organs. Death may occur

Back 175

Hemorrhagic (hypovolemic) shock

Front 176

Disorder in which coagulation is compromised, resulting in continuous bleeding, and there is no identifiable cause

Back 176

coagulopathy

Front 177

Abnormally low platelet level

Back 177

Thrombocytopenia

Front 178

Autoimmune disorder in which antiplatelet antibodies decrease the life span of the platelets

Back 178

Idiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)

Front 179

Type of hemophilia; it is probably the most common of all hereditary bleeding disorders

Back 179

von Willebrand disease

Front 180

Pathologic form of clotting that is diffuse and consumes large amounts of clotting factors

Back 180

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Front 181

Formation of a blood clot or clots inside a blood vessel

Back 181

Thrombosis

Front 182

Formation of a clot in a blood vessel as result of inflammation

Back 182

Thrombophlebitis

Front 183

Thromboembolic condition that involves the superficial saphenous venous system

Back 183

Superficial venous thrombosis

Front 184

Thromboembolic condition in which involvement varies. It can extend from the foot to the iliofemoral region

Back 184

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

Front 185

Complication of DVT occuring when part of a blood clot dislodges and is carried to the pulmonary artery, where is occludes the vessel and obstructs blood flow to the lungs

Back 185

Pulmonary embolism

Front 186

any clinical infection of the genital canal that occurs within 28 days after miscarriage, induced abortion, or childbirth

Back 186

postpartum (puerperal) infection

Front 187

Infection located in the lining of the uterus; it is the most common cause of postpartum infection; it usually begins as a localized infection at the placental site but can spread to involve the entire lining

Back 187

Endometritis

Front 188

Infection of the breast soon after childbirth affecting approximately 1% of women, most of whom are primiparous breastfeeding women

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mastitis