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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the functions of Proteins?
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Structural - keratin (skin), collagen (CT)
Catalyst - enyzmes Defense - Immunoglobulins Messengers - Hormones Receptors - Cell membrane, cytoplasmic, etc Transport - transferrin for iron Storage - Ferritin for Iron Respiratory - cytochrome Oncotic Pressure - Albumin ALWAYS EXIST IN L-FORM LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS |
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What is an AA that is an exception to the general rule?
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Proline - secondary amine (Imine)
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What is the only AA that does not have an asymmetric carbon?
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Glycine where R=H
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What are some important properties of Peptide bonds?
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rigid and planar
no freedom of rotation around this bond |
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How are peptide bonds formed and broken?
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formed - dehydration (condensation)
broken - hydrolysis |
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How many essential and non-essential AAs are there in our body?
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Essential: 10
Non-Essential: 10 |
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Which are the aliphatic AAs?
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Glycine
Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine |
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WHich are the branched and unbranched aliphatic AAs and which ones are involuved in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?
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Branched - Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
Unbranched - Alanine, Glycine MSUD - branched |
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Which AAs have a -OH group in their side chain?
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Serine
Threonine Tyrosine |
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Which AAs have a Sulfur group in their side chain?
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Cysteine
Methionine |
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Which AAs have a Acidic/Basic Side Chain?
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Acidic - Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine
Basic - Arginine, Lysine, Histidine |
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Which AAs have an Aromatic group in their side chain?
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Histidine
Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan |
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Which AA is an Imino Acid?
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Proline
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Which AA is in both Hydroxyl and Aromatic groups?
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Tyrosine
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Which AAs are considered Non-Polar?
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Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Proline
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Which AAs have uncharged polar side chains?
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Glutamine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Serine, Threonine, Asparagine
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Which AAs are Ketogenic and Glucogenic and both?
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Ketogenic - Leucine, Lysine
Glucogenic - Alanine Both - Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr), Tryptophan (Trp), Isoleucine (Ile) |
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What are the essential AAs?
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Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His) Isoleucine (Ile) Leucine (Leu) Threonine (Thr) Lysine (Lys) Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Valine (Val) |
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Which AAs have taste?
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Glycine and Alanine - Sweet
Leucine - Tasteless Isoleucine and Arginine - Bitter |
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What is a Zwitter ion?
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exists when pH = pI
dipolar nature no net charge |
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What are some properties of Glycine?
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smallest amino acid
not chiral no asymmetric carbon therefore optically inactive collagen has large amounts of glycine glycine is involved in the synthesis of heme, purine rings, bile acids, and creatine also involved in glutathione prouduction which detoxifies hydrogen |
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What are some properties of Alanine?
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Nonpolar AA
L-alanine never directly involved in protein function produced from pyruvate by transamination because it is glucogenic, linked to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TCA |
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What are some properties of Valine?
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essential AA
bulky nonpolar and branched stabilizes 3D structure of protein replaces Glutamic Acid (polar) in Sickle Cell Anemia leading to Hb losing acidity and RBC assuming sickle shape |
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What are some properties of Leucine?
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Essential AA
Branched hydrocarbon and hydrophobic sub unit of ferritin, synthesized in plants starting from pyruvic acid |
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What are some properties of Isoleucine?
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Essential AA
Hydrocarbon side chain and hydrophobic along with threonine has a chiral side chain |
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What are some properties of Serine?
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non essential AA
polar due to hydroxyl group |
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What are some properties of Threonine?
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Essential AA
Polar with Serine and Tyrosine Two asymmetric carbons = 4 isomers proteinogenic AA, susceptible to modifications such as O-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation |
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What are some properties of Tyrosine?
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Non Essential AA
Non-Polar, hydrophobic hydroxyl side group means cheese involved in the synthesis of: -dopamine (catecholamines[Epi, Nor-Epi, Dopamine], chemical messengers, control muscle movement) -melanin (albinism is tyrosinase-deficiency) -residues in thyroid hormones (T3, T4) |
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What are some properties of Glutamic Acid?
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non essential AA
acidic glutamate - excitatory neurotransmitter in brain GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) - inhibitor in brain |
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What are some properties of Glutamine?
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Non Essential
Glutamine and Alanine are key transporters of Amino groups between muscle and the liver important in regulation of ammonia helps in formation of purine rings |
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What are properties of Asparagine?
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Amide side chain
Non-Essential forms hydrogen bond interactions with peptide backbone provides key site for N-linked glycosylation |
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What are properties of Lysine?
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Essential AA
Basic AA Collagen contains hydroxyllysine requires Vitamin C, deficiency leads to poor collagen formation and bleeding of gums |
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What are properties of Arginine?
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semiessential, infants unable to meet requirements
has a guanidinum group important role in cell division, wound healing, immune function, release of homones also involved in detoxification of ammonia to form urea, synthesis of NO, relaxation of vascular smooth muscle |
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What are the 3 AA in Creatine?
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Glycine, Arginine, and Methionine
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What are properties of Histidine?
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also semiessential
buffer in hemoglobin, histidine quickly shuttles proteins also decarboxylated to form histamine present in mast cells for allergic reactions in body |
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What are some properties of Proline?
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non essential AA
Only AA with alpha group secondary (imino) synthesized from glutamic acid determines protein's shape proline and derivative hydroxyproline make up 21 % of AA residues in collagen |
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What are some properties of Tryptophan?
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Essential AA
contains Indole group deficiency leads to pellagra responsible for unpleasant odor of feces with other aromatic AA responsible for UV absorption, has greatest absorption of the 3 involved in synthesis of melatonin, seratonin, niacin |
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What are some properties of Phenylalanine?
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Essential AA
Nonpolar due to Benzyl side chain in breast milk releated to tyrosine and catecholamines defect of conversion from phenylalanine to tyrosine is phenylketonuria |
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What are some properties of Cysteine?
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Non essential AA
Thiol side chain Hydrophillic important in structure and function of many proteins and enzymes |
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What are some properties of Methionine?
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Essential AA
Nonpolar methyl donor in form of SAM improper conversion leads to athersclerosis, encoded by a single codon (one of only 2 AAs) AUG is the "start" message that starts translation of mRNA --> protein |
