Nz Ppl Nav

Front 1

Describe the shape of the earth

Back 1

Oblate Spheroid

Equator slightly larger than poles

Front 2

Axis and Direction of rotation of earth

Back 2

Polar axis anti-clockwise

Front 3

Earths geographic vs magnetic poles

Back 3

Geographic are true poles

Magnetic are offset and moving

Front 4

Describe a Great Circle

Back 4

A plane that passes through the center of the Earth

-cuts the globe in half
-forms the shortest path between points

-the largest circle that can be drawn on the earth.

Front 5

What is the Equator an example of?

Back 5

A Great Circle (at right angles to the earths axis) - It bisects the globe

Front 6

Describe a Small Circle

Back 6

A plane that does not pass through the centre of the earth

Front 7

Describe a Meridian

Back 7

Also called Longitude

Half of a Great Circle - NP -> SP

Defined as E or W of Prime Meridian

Front 8

Describe a Latitude

Back 8

Also called Parallels

Small circles that have their plane at

angles to the Earth's axis

Datum is the Equator

Front 9

Describe a Rhumb Line

Back 9

A regularly curved line on the earth's surface that cuts all meridians (Longitudes) at the same angle. This means you would follow a constant heading.

Equator and meridians are technically rhumb lines that are Great Circles.

Front 10

Describe the Prime Meridian

Back 10

The meridian that passes through Greenwich (UK)

Front 11

Describe the 360 method of indicating the direction

Back 11

N = 000/360, S = 180

Expressed as a three-figure group 045

Front 12

Describe the Earth's magnetic field

Back 12

Lines of magnetic flux rise from the North Pole and then travel toward the South before diving toward the South Pole.

Front 13

Define True North

Back 13

The North Geographic Pole.

Front 14

Define Magnetic North

Back 14

The North Magnetic Pole

Front 15

Define Compass North

Back 15

The North heading that is indicated by a compass subject to interference.

Front 16

Define the Cardinal Directions

Back 16

North, South, East, West

Front 17

Define the Inter-Cardinal Directions

Back 17

NE,SE,SW,NW

Also called Quadrantal

Front 18

Define True Direction

Back 18

Measured with reference to the North Geographic Pole

- Measured C/W from local meridian.

Front 19

Define Magnetic Direction

Back 19

Measured with reference to the North Magnetic Pole - When a needle is freely suspended it will align with the magnetic flux lines. The north-seeking end will point to the Magnetic North. This forms the datum for our magnetic direction.

Front 20

Define Compass Direction

Back 20

A direction that uses the Magnetic North heading, indicated from a compass (subject to interference) as a datum.

Front 21

Define Magnetic Variation

Back 21

The angular difference between True North and Magnetic North. Determined primarily by location, but also varies over time as the magnetic poles shift.

Front 22

Define Magnetic Dip

Back 22

Also known as magnetic inclination, refers to the angle formed between the direction of the Earth's magnetic field lines (flux) and the horizontal plane at a specific location.

Front 23

Define an Isogonal Line

Back 23

A dashed line that joins places that have the same Magnetic Variation. Typically printed at 1Degree intervals.

Front 24

Define an Agonic Line

Back 24

An Isogonal which is nil or Zero Variation

Front 25

Define Compass Deviation

Back 25

The deflection angle from Compass North to Magnetic North

Front 26

Variation Correction Summary

Back 26

Variation East - Magnetic Least

Variation West - Magnetic Best

Front 27

Magnetic to True Summary

Back 27

True to Magnetic - Take off Variation

Magnetic to True - Add on Variation

Front 28

Define True Bearing

Back 28

The angular difference from True North of a straight line drawn between two places. Either "To" or "From"

Front 29

Define Magnetic Bearing

Back 29

A true bearing that has had the Magnetic Variation either added or subtracted.

Front 30

Define Compass Bearing

Back 30

A true bearing that has had the Magnetic Variation and Compass Deviation applied.

Front 31

Saying for remembering conversion between True Magnetic and Compass

Back 31

TVMDC

T-V Men Do Care

True - Variation - Magnetic - Deviation - Compass

Front 32

Define Relative Bearing

Back 32

The bearing of an Object measured C/W in degrees from the nose of the A/C

Front 33

Define Clock Method Relative Bearing

Back 33

Each 5mins of Clock Face = 30 Degrees of Arc.

N = 12, S = 6, E = 3, W = 9

Front 34

What are the Processes, Cautions, and Limitations of deriving Track distances and Bearing from a chart?

Back 34

- Ensure latest, current edition chart

- Ensure Ruler scale correct

- Protractor Alignment

- Apply Variation Correctly

- Determine if Bearing is 'To' or 'From'

- A DI bearing is Mag, Chart is True

Front 35

Define a Statute Mile

Back 35

Equal to 5280 feet or 1,760 yards

- Non aviation unit

Front 36

Define a Nautical Mile

Back 36

Equal to 6080 feet or 1852m.

1 Minute of 1 Degree of Latitude at the centre of the earth. 1 nautical mile is defined as one minute of latitude measured along a meridian.

Front 37

Define a Kilometer

Back 37

Equal to 3280 feet.

1/10000th of the average distance between the equator and one of the poles.

Front 38

Define a Meter

Back 38

3.28 Feet or 3.3 Feet

1/1000th of a Kilometer

Front 39

Define a Foot

Back 39

0.304m

Front 40

Define a Knot (kt)

Back 40

1 Nautical Mile per Hour

Std unit for airspeed

Front 41

Define Ground Speed (GS)

Back 41

Speed of A/C relative to the ground

Front 42

Define Indicated Air Speed (IAS)

Back 42

Speed value registered on ASI

Important for calculating Aerodynamic performance

Front 43

Define Calibrated Air Speed (CAS)

Back 43

Indicated Air Speed corrected for Instrument Error and Pressure (position) error

Front 44

Define True Air Speed (TAS)

Back 44

The actual speed of the A/C through the air. Calibrated Air Speed corrected for air density.

Front 45

Explain the difference between Speed and Velocity

Back 45

Velocity is a vector - Therefore it is a vector quantity containing both Speed and Direction.

Speed is simply an expression of how fast something is moving.

Front 46

Define Ground Position

Back 46

An A/C position over the ground

Front 47

Define Dead Reckoning (DR) Positions

Back 47

A Position over the ground that you will be at a certain time based on your calculated track made good and GS.

Front 48

Define a Fix

Back 48

The Geographical position of an aircraft at a specific time determined by visual reference to features on the ground, or by radio nav aids.

Front 49

Define Position Lines

Back 49

A line an A/C is known to be on at a particular time. I.E Power line or road.

Front 50

Describe Position Reports Using Place Names

Back 50

JFK Overhead Turangi

Front 51

Describe Position Reports Using Places/Distances/Bearings

Back 51

JFK 2nm to the East Turangi

Front 52

Describe a Location using Lat/Long

Back 52

Latitude first (Ruler Horizontal, Reading Vertical), then Longitude (Ruler Vertical, Reading Horizontal)

Along the runway before takeoff

Front 53

Define Height

Back 53

The vertical distance of a level measured from a specified datum. Includes the vertical dimension of the object.

Front 54

Define Altitude

Back 54

The vertical distance of a level is measured from Mean Sea Level. Effected by atmospheric density

Front 55

Define Mean Sea Level

Back 55

ICAO Standard Atmosphere, pressure of 1013.25 hectopascals, and temperature of 15.0 degrees Celsius with a lapse rate of 6.5 degrees Celsius per 1000 M and is the altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain the elevation when on the ground.

Front 56

Define AMSL

Back 56

Above Mean Sea Level

Front 57

Define Ground Level

Back 57

The Altitude of the ground (Height 0)

Front 58

Define AGL

Back 58

Height above Ground Level

Front 59

Define Elevation

Back 59

Similar to Height (Height above datum) however, is commonly used to refer to things AMSL

Front 60

Define Pressure Altitude

Back 60

A surface of constant atmospheric pressure in terms of 100's of feet. Related to datum 1013.2Hpa

Referred to as Flight Levels

Front 61

Define QNH

Back 61

Sea Level Pressure. When Altsmeter is set to QNH it reads Altitude.

Front 62

Explain the effect of a change in mean sea level air pressure on the altimeter reading of a transiting aircraft.

Back 62

If you travel from an area of High to Low the altimeter will overread

Hi - Lo - Hi

If you travel from an area of Low to High the altimeter will underread

Lo - Hi - Lo

Approx 1hpa = 30ft

Front 63

Explain the effect of a change in temperature on the altimeter reading of a transiting aircraft.

Back 63

If the air is warmer than ISA (15) the lapse rate (6 per 1000m or 2 per 1000ft) decreases. Therefore your altimeter will under reads (you are higher than indicated).

In cold air the altimeter overreads / you are lower.

Front 64

State and apply the altimeter setting rules in New Zealand.

Back 64

(1) when operating at or above flight level 150, set altimeter to 1013.2 hPa:

(2) when operating at or below 13 000 feet, set altimeter to the appropriate area QNH zone setting or aerodrome QNH altimeter setting:

(3) when operating between 13 000 feet and flight level 150, set altimeter to the appropriate area QNH zone setting as advised by an ATC unit.

Front 65

Explain and apply the table of cruising levels

Back 65

North Odd plus 500 (270 - 089)

South Even Plus 500 (090 - 269)

Applies to magnetic Track, not HDG

Front 66

Define True and Magnetic Track Required

Back 66

The path the A/C actually takes over the Earth's surface.

Can be either T or M depending on what was used to calculate it.

Front 67

Define Wind Velocity (W/V)

Back 67

The speed of the wind from a given direction.

270/26 (Vector)

Metservice T

ATIS M

UNICOM M

Front 68

Define Head / Tail Wind

Back 68

Headwind = TAS - H/W = GS

Tailwind = TAS + T/W = GS

Front 69

Define Crosswind

Back 69

Wind that crosses your Track

Front 70

Define True Heading

Back 70

A/C HDG with reference to True North

Front 71

Define Magnetic Heading

Back 71

A/C HDG with reference to Magnetic North

(Variation)

Front 72

Define Compass Heading

Back 72

A/C HDG with reference to Compass North (Deviation)

Front 73

Define Drift - Planned and Actual

Back 73

Drift - The angular difference between HDG and TR

Planned

The drift calculated during the planning phase

Actual

The drift that actually occurs during flight

Front 74

Define Track Made Good (TMG)

Back 74

The actual track or path of the A/C expressed in degrees T or M

Front 75

Define Port

Back 75

Lefthand Side

Front 76

Define Starboard

Back 76

Righthand Side

Front 77

Define Wind Correction Angle

Back 77

The correction angle to allow for drift to fly a flight planned or required track.

Front 78

Define Wind Angle

Back 78

The angle between the wind direction and TR

Front 79

Define Deduced (Dead) Reckoning

Back 79

An estimate on where the A/C will be at various stages of the flight

Front 80

Define Track Error (TE)

Back 80

The angle between the Required Track TR and the TMG

Front 81

Define Closing Angle (CA)

Back 81

The angle that will bring you back onto your intended Track

Front 82

Define Estimated Time of Departure (ETD)

Back 82

The start point for your flight planning is always in UTC

Front 83

Define Actual Time of Departure (ATD)

Back 83

The time you actually depart vs the planned time. In UTC

Front 84

Define Estimated Elapsed Time (EET)

Back 84

The estimated time from the first point of the route to which the flight plan applies to the termination point of the flight plan. Changes as GS changes.

Front 85

Define Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)

Back 85

The estimated time that you reach the nominated point. Worked out from ETD and EET. In UTC

Front 86

Define Estimated Time of Arrival (ATA)

Back 86

The time you actually Arrive vs the planned time. In UTC

Front 87

Explain the 1 in 60 Rule

Back 87

1nm in 60nm = 1 degree

1nm subtends an angle of 1 degree at 60nm

60 / Dist Gone = TE / Dist Off

TE = 60 / Dist Gone x Dist Off

CA = 60 / Dist To Go x Dist Off

Front 88

Describe the six-figure systems of indicating date/time groups

Back 88

Contains the Day of the month in 2 figures and the time in 4 figures. 12th @ 1600 = 121600

Front 89

Define Coordinated Universal Time UTC

Back 89

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Aeronautical Reference Time for New Zealand. 12 hours behind NZST and 13 behind NZDT

Front 90

Define Standard Time (NZST)

Back 90

Time reference for the entire country 12 hours ahead of UTC

Front 91

Define Daylight Time (NZDT)

Back 91

During the period of daylight saving NZST becomes NZDT 13 hours ahead of UTC

Front 92

Define Sunrise

Back 92

The precise time when the upper limb of the sun (the first visible part) is on the visible horizon

Front 93

Define Sunset

Back 93

The precise time when the upper limb of the sun (the last visible part) disappears below the visible horizon

Front 94

Define Daylight

Back 94

The period between the start of MCT and the end of ECT

Front 95

Define Twilight

Back 95

Periods of quasi-light. From MCT to Sunrise and Sunset to ECT

Front 96

Define Morning Civil Twilight (MCT)

Back 96

Occurs when the center of the sun is 6 degrees below the sensible horizon. No VFR ops before this time

Front 97

Define Evening Civil Twilight (ECT)

Back 97

The end of ECT occurs when the center of the Sun is 6 degrees below the sensible horizon. VFR ops cease by this time.

Front 98

Describe the factors that affect the times of sunrise and sunset (daylight)

Back 98

Altitude and Atmosphere Conditions.

Days are longer and nights shorter at height.

Large obstructions can affect the clarity and brightness.

Front 99

Describe the factors that affect the duration of twilight.

Back 99

Altitude - the higher you fly the earlier the start of MCT and later the end of ECT

Bigger angular difference between sensible and visible horizons.

Front 100

Describe the factors that affect daylight conditions.

Back 100

Higher altitudes mean that daylight is longer

Bigger angular difference between sensible and visible horizons.

Front 101

Define scale and the relationship between chart and earth distances

Back 101

Chart scale is defined as the ratio of a given chart length to the actual distance on the earth that it represents.

Scale = Chart Length / Earth Distance

Front 102

Describe the appropriate use of NZ Aeronautical Charts

Back 102

Visual Planning Charts 1:1,000,000

Visual Navigation Charts 1:500,000

VNC Enlargements 1:250,000

Contains- Topographical, Cultural, Aeronautical, and Isogonal Information.

Front 103

Describe the appropriate use of Visual Aerodrome Charts

Back 103

Published in AIP Vol4

Contains detailed information on Aerodromes

Front 104

Describe the method of indicating relief on a NZ Aeronautical Chart.

Back 104

Hypsometric tint table for assigning heights to colors

Front 105

Identify and label the three vectors of the triangle of velocities

Back 105

Front 106

State the two types of radar currently used in New Zealand

Back 106

Primary surveillance radars (PSRs) locatedat Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurchgive limited coverage depending on terrainand altitude. The secondary surveillanceradar (SSR) network covers much of theNorth Island and the north and east of theSouth Island.

Front 107

Describe the method of operation of each type of radar

Back 107

Primary surveillance radar – uses radarechoes to detect position.

Secondary surveillance radar – usesaircraft transponders to respond toground equipment interrogation andidentify aircraft. This equipment can use the transmitted informationto ascertain the aircraft altitude if theaircraft transponder is selected to‘Altitude Mode/Mode C’.

Front 108

Explain what is meant by transponder Mode A and Mode C

Back 108

Mode A(identification and position) and ModeC (altitude)

Front 109

List and explain radar services that may be available to VFR flights

Back 109

Separation?

Front 110

Explain the limitations of using GPS/GNSS to supplement normal visualnavigation.

Back 110

Under Visual Flight Rules the GPS should only be used as a supplement to visual navigation

Front 111

Explain the limitations of using GPS/GNSS to supplement normal visualnavigation.

Back 111

Do not rely on GPS. Know your position and confirm it from visual observations of POI and map.

Multipath error - signals bouncing around

Tropospheric error- water molecules

Ionospheric error - charged particle

Receiving error - pseudo-random code match

Human Errors

Front 112

Describe the procedures and techniques to safely manage the fuel for a givenflight.

Back 112

1. Fuel Planning

2. Fuel Calculation

3. Fuel Monitoring

Front 113

Describe the requirements and procedures to manage SARTIME.

Back 113

File a flight plan with the National Briefing Office (NBO), which includes the SARTIME, estimated time of departure (ETD), route, and estimated time of arrival (ETA)

Front 114

What happens when SAR time is reached?

Back 114

SAR activated.