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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Essential Metal cofactors and where are they derived?
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Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se
fuitrs, vegetables, nuts |
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What metals are toxic?
What are the side effects? |
Pb, Tl, V, Cd, Hg, Sr.
Developmental delays, lesions, sensory impairment, vascular damage, collagen & elastin defects |
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The fat soluble cofactors include....
Which is the only true co-enzyme? |
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Vitamin K |
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The water soluble cofactors include...
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Vitamin B1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12
Vitamin C (abscorbic acid) Metals |
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Vitamin A
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• Fat Soluble
• Derived: beta-carotene precursor and plants • AKA: retinol, retinal retinoic acid • Sources: liver, egg yolkd, butter, milk (animal products) • Function: Gene expression, differentiation, cell death • Deficiencies: Night blindness and development abnormalities |
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Vitamin D
Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• Fat soluble
• Derived: cholesterol → synthesized in liver → activated in skin via UV light • Sources: found in milk, fish, oil, eggs • Function: Mineralization, Calcium homeostasis • Deficiencies: Poor bone mineralization, rickets, osteoporosis |
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Vitamin E
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• Fat soluble
• AKA: tocopherols and tocotrienols • Sources: vegetable oils, nuts • Function: membrane antioxidant • Deficiencies: Red blood cells → anemia, poor circulation |
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Vitamin K
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• Fat soluble
• Sources: synthesized by intestinal flora & available in vegatables & grains • Function: True cofactor → donates COOH group to proteins involved in mineral formation and blood clotting → enhance calcium binding o Anti-clotting factors (warfarin, dicoumarin) → inhibit Vitamin K binding to clotting proteins → reversed by adding excess Vitamin K • Deficiencies → bleeding disorders |
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Vitamin B1
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• AKA: thiamine pyrophosphate
• Sources: Seeds, nuts, meat, wheat germ • Function: Co-factor for decarboxylation, carbon transfer, & carbohydrate metabolism enzymes → convert food into energy • Deficiencies: beri-beri → inability use muscular coordination |
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Vitamin B2
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• AKA flavin mononucleotide)
• Sources: meat, nuts, legumes, leafy greens • Function: Enzyme co-factor in proton/electron transfer reactions, dehydrogenases • Deficiencies: soft tissue inflammation, cataracts, cracks in skin, split nails |
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Vitamin B3
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• AKA nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotimamide adenine mononucleotide (NAD)
• Meat, nuts, legumes → made from Trp amino acid • Function: Co-factor for hydride ion transfer, oxidoreductases, dehydrogenasses • Deficiencies: pellagra, glossitis o Deficiencies are induced by niacin → drug administration • Niacin synthesis requires other B vitamins → deficiencies in others work against VB3 |
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Vitamin B6
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• AKA pridoxyl phosphate
• Sources: liver, yeast, nuts, beans, bananas, meat • Function: co-factor for amino transfer, aldol formation, decarboxylation • Deficiencies: broad neurological, immune, Oxygen transport |
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Vitamin B9
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• Folic acid (vitamin), dihydrofolate (FH2), tetrahydyrofolate (FH4)
• Source: yeast, liver, leafy vegetables • Function: Cofactor in I-carbon transfer reactions (DNA replication) • Deficiencies: megaloblastic anemia, broad spectrum neurological and hematological problems • Analogs of folate used to block DNA synthesis in cancer & bacteria |
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Vitamin B12
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• Sources: animal (liver, kidney, egg, cheese) or yeast
• Function: Co-factor for methyl transfer reactions • Deficiency: anemia, dimensia |
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Vitamin C
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• water soluble
• Sources: obtained exogenously (fruits and vegetables) • Function: collagen synthesis, Tyr degradation, syntheses of adrenaline, bile salts, steroids • Deficiencies: scurvy (loss of collagen crosslinking) |
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Essential Fatty Acids
Also known as... Fat or water soluble? Sources: Function: Deficiency can lead to ... |
• AKA: Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) & Linoleic acid (omega-6)
• Sources: seafood (cold water), seeds, leafy vegetables, walnuts, eggs, fishmeal • Function: important for cell membrane function & precursors for anti-inflammatory molecules • Deficiencies: scaly dermatitis, alopecia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation |
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The only vitamin made in the body is...
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Vitamin D
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The only vitamin that is a true cofactor is...
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Vitamin K
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All B vitamins are found in the ________ and are excreted except for ________ ( which is stored in the ______)
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Plasma
Vitamin B12 - adipose tissue |
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Why must mammals consume essential fatty acids?
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cannot add double bonds to fatty acids beyond carbons 9 & 10
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Why is fructose so ****** for you?
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-processed by liver into fats --> increased triglycerides / cholesterol
-not under glucagon-insulin control |
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Why are complex carbs good for you?
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SLOW breakdown primarily into glucose, providing level continuous glucose supply that meets energy usage over the day → can be handled by the liver
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