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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
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Somatotropin, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
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What are the benign tumors of the anterior pituitary
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Adenoma and craniopharyngioma
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What regulates anterior pituitary production and secretion?
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Hypothalamus
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What hormonal changes result from hyperprolactinemia?
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Decreased Lh released factor, decreased LH
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What is the effect of decreased LH in women?
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Decreased estrogen and progesterone (amenorrhea and infertility)
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What is the effect of decreased LH in men?
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Decreased testosterone (impotency and decreased libido)
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What is galactorrhea and what is it caused by?
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Lactation without pregnancy (increased prolactin)
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WHat is occurring in gigantism?
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Excessive growth at epiphysis (really tall, long bones)
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What is caused by excess somatotropin?
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Gigantism (children), acromegaly (adults)
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What are the clinical features of acromegaly?
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Increased growth of soft tissues, visceromegaly, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, headache
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What is Cushing's syndrome?
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Increased cortison (from excess ACTH)
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What is the result of decreased GH on children?
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Dwarfism
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What is Sheehan's syndrome?
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Infarct of anterior pituitary after obstetric hemorrhage
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What can cause postpartum failure to lactate?
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Sheehan's syndrome
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What is empty sella syndrome?
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Congenital defect resulting in HYPOpituitarism
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What is the major cause of primary HYPERparathyroidism?
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Parathyroid adenoma
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What is the major cause of secondary HYPERparathyroidism?
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Chronic renal failure
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What is the result of increased PTH?
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Increased serum Ca, decreased phosphatemia
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What are the clinical features of HYPERparathyroidism?
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Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), osteitis fibrosa cystica (decreased Ca in bone), depression, constipation (decreased absorption)
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What is the etiology of HYPOparathyroidism?
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Idiopathic or neck surgery
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What are the effects of HYPOparathyroidism?
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Decreased serum Ca, increased phosphatemia, tetany, carpopoedal spasm, perioral numbness
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What are the clinical features of Cushing's syndrome?
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Moon face, thick neck, truncal obesity, muscular wasting, periumbilical striae, psych problems
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What are the possible causes of secondary hypertension?
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Cushing's syndrome, hyperthryoidism, Pheochromocytoma, acromegaly
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What is Conn's syndrome and what is another name for it?
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Aldosterone secreting neoplasm
Primary Hyperaldoesterism |
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What are the clinical features of Conn's syndrome?
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Headache, increased BP, hypokalemia
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What layers are involved in adrenal insufficiency?
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Zona glomerulosa and zona fasiculata
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What are the results of acute adrenal insufficiency?
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Addisonian crisis (shock in patient's using large amounts of prednisone)
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What are the results of chronic adrenal insufficiency?
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Addison's disease: cortisol and aldosterone deficiency, hyperpigmentation, hypotension (K retention), hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmias
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What is hypokalemia and how does it manifest?
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Increased potassium (crave salty foods!)
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What is the etiology of Cushing's syndrome
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Adenoma, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
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In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, what enzymes are defective?
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21, 17 or 11 hydroxylase
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What is the result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in infants?
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Female infants with ambiguous genitalia
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What is the result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in men and women?
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Men (precocious puberty), women (amenorrhea and virilization)
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What causes pheochromocytoma?
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Tumor of adrenal medulla
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What are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?
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Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, skin;urinary infection, cataracts
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What are some possible acute complications of diabetes mellitus?
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Ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma, hypoglycemic coma
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What chronic effects does diabetes mellitus have on the eye?
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Blot hemorrhage, cotton wool spots on retina, cataract, blindness
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WHat chronic effects does diabetes mellitus have on the kidney?
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Proteinuria and renal failure
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What are the effects of autonomic neuropathy?
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Impotence, atonic bladder
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Why does diabetes mellitus affect the vascular system
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Increased sugar in blood binds to proteins, causing plaques
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What is virilization?
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Development of male-like features in women
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What causes ketoacidosis?
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Fat is converted to ketone bodies in absence of glucose (for energy)
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What are the 2 conditions associated with decreased ADH?
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Diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone
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What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary?
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ADH
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What are the clinical features of diabetes insipidus?
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Deficient water absorption, polyuria, polydipsia, increased serum osmolality, and HYPERnatremia
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What are the clinical features of SIADH?
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Concentrated urine, decreased osmolality, HYPOnatremia
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What is cretinism?
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Irreversible mental retardation of infant from hypothyroid in pregnant mother
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What is myxedema?
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Deposition of mucopolysaccharides in CT
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What is another name for myxedema?
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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What are the clinical features of myxedema?
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Thyroid is enlarged and rubbery, presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, destruction of follicles by lymphocytes
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What are the 3 diseases associated with hyperthyroidism?
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Grave's disease, subacute thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis
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What is Grave's disease?
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Familial autoimmune disease of IgG's (only in females)
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What is subacute thyroiditis and what is another name for it?
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Enlarged, painful thyroid (from virus) aka DeQuervain's
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What are the clinical features of DeQuervain's thyroiditis?
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Painful neck, fever, enlarged cervical lymph nodes
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What are the clinical features of Riedel's thyroiditis?
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Enlarged stony, painless thyroid, dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness (elderly women)
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What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I called?
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Werner's syndrome
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What tumors are associated with Werner's syndrome?
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Pituitary adenoma, parathyroid adenoma, pancreatic islets neoplasm
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What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type II called?
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Sipple's syndrome
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What tumors are associated with Sipple's syndrome?
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Medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma
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What are the clinical features of Grave's disease?
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Grossly enlarged thyroid, increased vascularization, neck bruit, exophthalmos
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