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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nose functions (3)
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Air is warmed, humidified, filtered
|
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Smallest particles are trapped in nose by
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alveolar macrophages at the turbinates (turbulent air)
|
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How do bronchi compare to alveolar sacs?
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Bronchi = most diameter
Alveolar sacs = most area per sq cm |
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no air exchange occurs at the
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conducting zone
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air exchange occurs in the
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respiratory zone
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pseudostratified ciliated columnars and simple ciliated columnars
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Epithelial - beat toward pharynx to clear particles
|
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mucous goblet cells
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epithelial - trap particles
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curved 5/6 anterior portion and the % decreases as go down airway
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Cartilage! prevent airway collapse
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make up wall in all areas not made of cartilage
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Smooth muscle, baby. Controls the size of the opening (of airway0
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simple squamous
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capillary endothelial cells allow gas exchange in to blood
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Type I simple squamous
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Alveoli epithelial Type I are 90% of the surface area.
GAS EXCHANGE |
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Type II simple squamous
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Alveoli epithelial Type II are 10% of surface area.
SURFACTANT |
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connective tissue
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fibroblasts = support
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ingest small particles
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alveolar macrophages
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secrete Histamine and Leukotrienes
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alveolar macrophages
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neurotransmitters SYMPATHETIC
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Epinephrine
Norepinephrine |
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PARASYMPATHETIC neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholine
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receptors for sympathetic NE and Ep
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Beta adrenergic (sympathetic)
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receptors for parasympathetic Ach
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Lung parenchyma
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function of sympathetic respiratory system (Ep, NE & beta adrenergic receptors)
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dilation!! of bronchial tree
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role of parasympathetic nervous for respiratory system (Ach, lung parenchymal receptors)
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constriction
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The nerve supply to respiratory is ____________ that of blood vessels.
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opposite
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Processes of Respiratory system (5)
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Ventilation (air in-out), Diffusion of O2 & CO2 b/w alveoli and blood, Transport of same in blood/fluid, Regulation of ventilation (brain)
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The more liquid increases, the more ___________ increases.
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pressure (lots of hydrostatic pressure in a big hose)
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muscle of QUIET BREATHING inspiration
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diaphragm only - energy dependent
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muscle of QUIET BREATHING expiration
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diaphragm only
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what keeps the diaphragm alive?
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Phrenic N., C3, C4, C5
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Accessory muscles of inspiration used, i.e., during exercise (4)
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External intercostals
SCM Scalenes Anterior Serratus |
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Job of accessory breathing muscles
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lift ribs and increase A-P chest cavity diameter
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Gas is ___________ & expandable.
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compressible
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Only 2 accessory muscles to expiration:
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Abdominals (#1)
Internal intercostals (exhale) |
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What are the lungs surrounded by?
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thin layer of pleural fluid
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Maintains continuous suction between lung pleura and parietal pleura
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lymphatics suck excess fluid
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Boyle's Law
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P1V1 = P2V2
Increase pressure, decrease volume (and vice versa) |
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If you decrease the pressure of a gas, you increase it's ________.
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volume - because it expands to fill its container!
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What kind of pump is lung pressure?
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negative pressure
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3 pressures
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Pleural, Alveolar, Transpulmonary
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Which of the 3 pressures (Pleural, Alveolar, Transpulmonary) is made up?
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Transpulmonary
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The pressure of the fluid in the space between the lung pleura and chest wall
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Pleural Pressure: (-) due to sucking action of lymphatics
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Negative pressure due to sucking action of lymphatics
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Pleural
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on the pressure chart, where is pleural?
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at the bottom
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on pressure chart, where is alveolar?
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middle
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on pressure chart, where is transpulmonary pressure (the fake one)?
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between alveolar (middle) ad pleural (bottom)
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Resting pleural pressure
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(-5)cm
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End of inspiration pleural pressure
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(-7)cm
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End of expiration pleural pressure
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(-5)cm again - same as resting
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Effect of pleural pressure going from (-5)cm to (-7)cm, then back to (-5)cm during resting, inspiration, expiration?
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increases lung vol by 500ml
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pressure of air inside lung alveoli
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alveolar pressure
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alveolar pressure range
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+1 to (-1) cm
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alveolar pressure at rest
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+1cm
|
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Pleural pressure increases the lung volume by 500ml. What does alveolar pressure do?
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allows that 500ml of air to go in and out!
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Alveolar pressure range is +1 to (-1)cm. What is measurement at rest & end of expiration/inspiration pressure?
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0 cm H20
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Upshot: both pleural and alveolar pressures __________ with inspiration and __________ with expiration.
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decrease with breath intake, increase when air is exhaled
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At rest, at the end of inspiration and at the end of expiration, what is odd about the ALVEOLAR pressure?
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all 0 cm (zero) H20
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Does pulmonary pressure return to zero cm H20 between phases?
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no
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the difference between alveolar and pleural pressure
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POSITIVE transpulmonary pressure
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Transpulmonary pressure is always ?
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Positive
|
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Why is transpulmonary pressure always positive?
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(-Palveolar) - (-Ppleural) = +
Neg - Neg = Pos |
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Measures Elastic recoil of lung
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Positive Transpulmonary Pressure - the difference between alveolar and pleural pressure
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Resting Positive Transpulmonary Pressure (PTP):
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+5cm H20 because:
0 cm resting alveolar - (-5) cm resting pleural = +5 |
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The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure.
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Compliance of lungs ("how easily can I inflate my lungs?")
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Lung compliance decreases with
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increasing volume (ie, it is harder to expel air when there is a high volume)
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example of low compliance
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lungs filled with water so can't breathe in - drown
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lung compliance is due to
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elastic forces of lung tissue (1/3) and surface tension (2/3)
|
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What keeps lungs from collapsing? The elastic forces of lung tissue, surface tension or Surfactant?
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Surfactant! reduces surface tension
|
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attraction of water molecules for each other at the air-water interface
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surface tension
|
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Surface tension (water attraction to itself) could cause the alveoli to collapse were it not for ____________
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surfactant (type II alveolar cell secretions)
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measures pulmonary volumes
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spirometry
|
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pulmonary volumes are __-__% less in women
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20-25%
|
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4 pulmonary Volumes:
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Tidal (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) Expiratory Reserve (Erv) Residual (RV) |
|
ERV parked his RV in IRVington and watched TV
|
Tidal (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) Expiratory Reserve (ERV) Residual (RV) |
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the frequency with which gas molecules hit the container is the
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pressure - the bigger the container, the less often or longer it takes for molecules to hit due to distance, so pressure down with volume/size up
|
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The surface tension of the alveolar fluid tends to pull each of the alveoli inward, thereby pulling the lung in on itself. What stops this alveolar collapse?
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surfactant!
|
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no pressure difference between the alveolar an pulmonary pressure causes the lung to collapse
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pneumothorax -air outside in high pressure going inside the thoracic cavity to low pressure
|
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why does air flow into the lungs when the diaphragm contracts?
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Volume of thoracic cavity increases, pleural pressure down, volume of alveoli increases, alveolar pressure down, air flows in following law
|
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the law is from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
|
ie, air into the lungs when the pressure drops due to diaphragm contracts, then pleural P down, then alveolar P down, so lesser conc. area
|
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What happens when the pleural pressure drops from (-7.5) to (-5)?
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Pleural cavity pressure increases because less space/volume, followed by Alveolar P rising above atm to +1 so P up. Air out to area lesser conc.
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why does resistance increase when the diameter of the bronchioles decreases (shrinks)?
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because more molecules contact the wall of the bronchiole, so more resistance
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what might increase resistance in bronchioles?
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constriction due to parasympathetic Ach via nerve or Histamine
|
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released by the adrenal medulla during exercise or stress, this hormone dilates the bronchioles and reduces air flow resistance
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Epinephrine
|
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inflates easily with a minimum of pressure due to elastic quality (healthy lung)
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high compliance
|
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difficult to inflate and may occur during conditions of fibrosis (less flexible connective tissue taking over lung)
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low compliance
|
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respiratory distress syndrome in a newborn is due to
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no Type II alveolar cells secreting surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing. Baby cannot breathe. Low compliance.
|
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lowers surface tension and increases lung compliance
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surfactant
|
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the amount of air breathed IN and OUT in a NORMAL breath
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Tidal volume (TV)
500ml |
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amount of air that can be breathed IN AFTER normal breath out
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Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV)
2500-3000ml |
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amount of air that can be breathed OUT after normal breath out
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Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
1000ml |
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air left in lung (cannot be measured using spirometry)
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Residual volume (RV)
1100ml |
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If you add more than one pulmonary volume (ERV parked his RV in IRVington and watch TV), then it's called
|
pulmonary capacity
|
|
IRV + TV
All the air that can be breathed in with a DEEP BREATH |
Inspiratory capacity DEEP BREATH
*(IRV) + (TV) |
|
ERV + RV
(amt of air that can be breathed out after normal breath + residual air) WHEEZER |
Fun-ctional Residual capacity (wheezer)
|
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TV + IRV + ERV
(great gulping gasps of air and forced expiration - @lmost DROWNING) |
Vital capacity
@lmost drowning |
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total amt of new air moved into the respiratory passages each MINUTE
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MINUTE respiratory volume
(TV x Respiratory rate) How fast do you breath when watching t.v.? I'll let you know in a minute. |
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the rate at which new air reaches the alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles
|
Alveolar Ventilation
(TV-dead space x respiratory rate) |
|
Poiseuille's Law of Airway ________
Flow=[deltaP][pi][r to the 4th]/ [8][mu][length] |
Resistance: means less volume creates more pressure in the lung (the molecules ping/pressure sides faster when there is a smaller container/volume)
|
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Where is air resistance the greatest?
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medium-sized muscular bronchi of the conducting zone
(because of the smooth muscle) |
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How does the great resistance of the medium-sized most muscular bronchi affect airflow?
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decreases ventilation
|
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Why does resistance go from
|
increase in cross-sectional area
|
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Why does forced expiration sound like a wheeze?
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airway resistance increases when the pressure can begin to collapse the medium-sized bronchi - EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA
|
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Why can't you have resistance in the alveoli?
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there is NO MUSCLE in alveoli (only in medium-sized bronchi)
|
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What are numbers for alveolar pressure again?
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0 at rest, then (-1) on inspiration
Back to 0, then +1 on expiration Then back to 0 at end of expiration. 0 to (-1) to 0 to +1 to 0 |
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What are the numbers for pleural pressure again?
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(-5) at rest, then (-7.5) on inspiration
Stay (-7) to end of inspiration then Rise during expiration to (-5) (-5) to (-7.5) to (-5) over and over |
|
What are the numbers for Transpulmonary Pressure?
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Bronchiole pressure - Pleural pressure = Transpulmonary
ie, 0 - (-5) = +5 and TransP must always be positive |
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What happens if Transpulmonary pressure number is negative?
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The forced expiration causes the bronchi to collapse and the exercise-induced asthmatic wheezing begins
|
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What number must always be negative in the Math of Airway resistance during forced exhalation?
|
PLEURAL PRESSURE (-) always.
|
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air that fills the respiratory passage but does not have gas exchange
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DEAD air
|
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amt of anatomical DEAD air
|
150ml
|
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Physiological amt of dead air
|
depends on ventilation-perfusion ratio
|
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the air which reaches the lungs
|
ventilation
|
|
the blood which reaches the lungs
|
perfusion
|
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Brings deoxygenated blood to lung from right ventricle
|
pulmonary artery
|
|
thin walled, distensible, short vessel, large compliance, carry deoxygenated blood to lung from right ventricle
|
Pulmonary ARTERY
|
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short vessel containing oxygenated blood that empties into left atria
|
Pulmonary vein
|
|
from where does the blood supply to the supporting lung tissue come?
|
systemic circulation (1-2%)
|
|
drain into the R thoracic duct
& prevent pulmonary edema |
pulmonary LYMPHATICS
|
|
what is the pulmonary artery systolic/diastolic pressure?
|
25/8 (mean of 15) so...
2/3 is systolic 1/3 is diastolic |
|
TOTAL bood volume of LUNGS
|
450ml
|
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Blood volume of Pulmonary CAPILLARIES
|
80ml
|
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The pulmonary capillaries can act as a blood ____________, storing from 1/2 x normal to up to 2x normal.
|
reservoir
|
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How does the lung keep from starving for oxygen when alveolar level drops below normal?
(less than 73mmHg PO2) |
Adjacent blood vessels CONSTRICT and SHUNTS BLOOD to area where it will be aerated.
|
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How does the systemic circulation keep an area of low oxygen from dying?
|
VasoDILATOR so blood flows in (opposite of pulmonary, which constricts then shunts blood to low O2 area to be aerated)
|
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Capillaries remain open when the pulmonary arterial pressure is ______ than the alveolar pressure.
|
greater
lung artery pressure greater than alevolar pressure (and vice versa) |
|
What happens if the alveolar pressure is greater than the pulmonary arterial pressure?
|
The capillary will collapse
|
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How is pulmonary blood flow (arterial pressure vs. alveolar pressure) described?
|
as Zones 1,2,3
|
|
what zone of pulmonary blood flow is pathological
|
zone 1 = pathology
(no blood flow during ALL of cardiac cycle) |
|
Normal blood flow during systole only that is in the apices of the lung when standing
|
zone 2 = systole
|
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continuous blood flow during all of cardiac cycle, when standing, lying down and EXERCISE
|
zone 3 = continuous flow, EXERCISE
|
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effect of exercise of pulmonary blood flow
|
Recruitment up!
Distension up! Zone 3 = continuous flow |
|
effect of increasing pulmonary blood flow during exercise via recruitment and distension is that pulmonary _______________ pressure is increased.
|
arterial pressure is increased during exercise
|
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increasing the number of capillaries
|
recruitment
|
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distending capillaries which increases blood flow
|
distension
|
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recruitment and distension
|
increase pulmonary arterial pressure (happens during exercise)
|
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What reduces the amount of time blood spends in the capillary?
|
exercise
|
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Is ventilation normal during exercise
|
yup
|
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Normal cardiac output?
Increased cardiac output? |
0.8 sec
0.3 sec |
|
+1mmHg
|
Capillary Net Filtration Pressure
|
|
What keeps the alveoli dry in the lung?
|
LYMPHATIC PUMP and Negative Interstitial pressure
|
|
Hydrostatic pressure always
|
PUSHES (negative # pulls)
|
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COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC pressure always
|
pulls, therefore it is a negative number
|
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Anything that pulls is a __________ number.
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negative
|
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A ________ PUSH in the right direction!
|
positive
|
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At rest, the lymphatic pump is sucking at what pressure?
|
(-5)
|
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By pure math alone, my lungs will always have water because the lymphatic pump is always (-5) and the pleural pressure is always (-5). What keeps alveoli dry?
|
Negative interstitial pressure and the lymphatic pump.
+1 = capillary net filtration pressure |
|
How do you figure capillary net filtration pressure?
|
*subtract the pushing hydrostatics=out
*subtract the pulling colloidals=in *add the "out" + "in" = filtration If it's a (+) then it's out, if (-) then in b/c + always out, (-) always in. |
|
what allows expansion of lung
|
small amt of FLUID in pleural CAVITY
|
|
type of fluid in pleural cavity
|
mucoid
|
|
Pressure of pleural cavity
|
{-7} mmHg
holds lung suspended in space |
|
describe membrane of pleural cavity
|
porous
mesenchymal serous |
|
How do gas molecules move?
|
from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
total effect is EVEN DISPERSION |
|
what gas can cross over easily?
|
CO2
|
|
Partial Pressure of a gas
|
*a gas' individual pressure as part of a team of gasses of a mixture
"each separate gas comprises one fraction of the total volume of gas" |
|
The total pressure exerted by all of the gas molecules in a container is the ____________ pressure.
|
atmospheric
(air contains 79% nitrogen, so in 1 gal. of air, we would still find 79% nitrogen) |
|
Partial Pressure of Gasses:
|
760mmHg
|
|
What is 760mmHg?
|
the Partial Pressure of gasses
*equal to 0mm of water |
|
a greater partial pressure of one gas in a mixture results in?
|
a greater diffusion gradient
|
|
Atmospheric air is 760mmHg and 79% of that is nitrogen, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen?
|
(760mmHg) x (79%) = 600.4 mmHg
|
|
how much of a particular gas can be dissolved in a solution
|
SOLUBILITY of a gas
|
|
Kind of gases that have a high solubility coefficient
|
Gases attracted to WATER molecules and therefore, can easily be dissolved
|
|
If a gas has a low solubility coefficient, then it thinks water is ___________!
|
repulsive!
|
|
Which gas has the highest solubility coefficient? What does that mean?
|
CO2 at 0.57
*means it is attracted to water and can easily dissolve in water. CO2 is 20x more soluble than oxygen! |
|
Which has a greater solubility coefficient (greatest affinity for water), CO2 or Oxygen?
|
CO2
(twenty times higher than oxygen so it likes us very much, but we don't like it) |
|
What gases diffuse across the alveoli?
|
carbon dioxide and oxygen
|
|
through what mediums do CO2 and O2 travel
|
between air and fluid through the alveolar septum and fenestrated walls of capillaries
|
|
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are ________ soluble so they pass easily through the cell membrane.
|
lipid
|
|
What does diffusion of gases depend on? (across alveoli0
|
Temp
Cross-section area of fluid Surface area of membrane Thickness of membrane SOLUBILITY of the gas! |
|
An increase in TEMP will __________ the diffusion of molecules across alveoli of lungs.
|
increase
(temp always speeds up molecular movement) |
|
An increase in THICKNESS of membrane will ________ diffusion of gas molecules across the alveoli.
|
decrease
|
|
An increase in SURFACE AREA will __________ diffusion of gas molecules across alveoli.
|
increase
|
|
An increase of CROSS-SECTIONAL area of fluid will ___________ diffusion of gas molecules across the alveoli.
|
increase
|
|
An increase of SOLUBILITY of the gas (high solubility content, attracted to water, readily dissolved in water) will ___________ the diffusion of gas molecules across the alveoli.
|
increase
|
|
Given the diffusion coefficient of Oxygen as 1.0 and CO2 as 20.3, if the Partial pressures were both 100mmHg on one side of a membrane and 10 on other, which diffuses faster?
|
It says CO2 is 20x more soluble than oxygen, so I pick that one.
|
|
Memorize: Partial pressures OXYGEN
1. Alveoli 2. Arteries 3. Capillaries 4. Veins |
1. Alveoli = 104 mmHg
2. Arteries = 100 mmHg 3. Capillaries = 40-100 mmHg 5. Veins = 40 mmHg |
|
memorize: Partial Press CO2
a. alveoli b. arteries c. capillaries d. veins |
a. alveoli 40
b. arteries 40 c. capillaries 40-45 d. veins 45 |
|
When you breathe in air, what is PP of oxygen after it mixes with residual air volume in alveoli?
|
104 mmHg
|
|
What is the PP of oxygen in the venous blood as it perfuses through the pulmonary capillaries?
|
40
|
|
What is the PP of oxygen as it diffuses across the alveolar membrane, establishing an equalibrium and on exiting the pulmonary capillaries is full of oxygen?
|
104 mmHg again
(full circle from its 104 at entrance) |
|
Why does the PP of Oxygen drop from 104 to 100 when it leaves the pulmonary capillaries on its way to the heart, and the rest of the body?
|
has to supply the lung parenchyma!
|
|
After having supplied the lungs themselves, the blood is ejected from the heart with a PP of oxygen?
|
100
|
|
Where is PP of Carbon dioxide always highest?
|
veins @ 45 mmHg
(hello! not as much oxygen, more room for carbon dioxide!) |
|
second highest PP of carbon dioxide in body after veins?
|
capillaries 40-45 mmHg
|
|
PP of Carbon dioxide in alveoli and arterioles?
|
40. always.
|
|
Why is the PP of carbon dioxide
27 mmHg at expiration? |
the alveolar 40 mixes with inhaled fresh air that is 0.3
|
|
What determines the amount of oxygen partial pressure in the tissues?
|
METABOLIC NEED
(less active needs less O2 so lower partial pressure of O2 in those tissues) |
|
Why does O2 diffuse into the tissues instead of just staying in the blood?
|
Partial Pressure Gradient
(from area of more to area of less) into the interstitial fluid around cells |
|
OXYGEN arterial end of capillary @ 95
OXYGEN venous end of capillary @ 40 Meet at 40. Diffuse into interstitial space of 23. Why? |
Because 23 mmHg is lower than 40 and so go from area of higher pressure to lower pressure.
|
|
Increase of metabolic activity of tissues causes increased O2 demand but also creates more?
|
CO2
which then increases the partial pressure of CO2 in the tissue |
|
When the tissue CO2 level/partial pressure is greater than the capillary CO2/partial pressure, what happens?
|
The CO2 diffuses from tissue to blood, following its pressure gradient.
|
|
upshot of diffusion
|
O2 greater outside in capillary will diffuse into interstitial tissue area of lower conc/press. CO2 greater in tissue will diffuse to area of lower conc/pressure that is in capillary.
|
|
2 ways Oxygen is transported in blood:
|
1. dissolved
2. bound to carrier proteins |
|
Majority of oxygen is transported this way?
|
bound to carrier proteins = HEMOGLOBIN!
|
|
Describe structure of Hemogoblin
|
Boo! 4 goblins with a heme group bound between them - they can eat him later. Each goblin can catch 4 Oxygens. If hunting good for one goblin, hunting good for all goblins.
|
|
Dictates the Oxygen-Hemoglobin DISSOCIATION curve.
|
the structure of Hemoglobin
|
|
What does the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve tell us?
|
the % of occupied hemoglobin sites when Oxygen is at a particular partial pressure
|
|
% of bound/occupied hemoglobin sites with oxygen at a particular partial pressure is called the Hemoglobin _____________ Level.
|
Saturation
|
|
Few O2 have bound to Hemogoblins and hunting is good. Easy to catch them so doesn't take long to fill.
Part of Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Slope? |
Steep part (hunting)
|
|
Hemogoblins have bagged their 4 Oxygen limits for the most part. There'd have to be a hell of a lot of Oxy's for total saturation. Part of O-H Dissociation Slope?
|
Plateau phase (stuffed)
|
|
What can cause the curve to Right shift (more O2 pressure, more saturation/capture by Hemogoblins)?
*vice versa - memorize Right causes |
down pH
up PP of CO2 up Temp up 2-3 DPG |
|
How is Carbon Dioxide safely transported in the blood?
|
+as bicarbonate ions+ in RED BLOOD CELLS!!!
some is dissolved some bound to carbaminohemoglobin |
|
What converts CO2 to carbonic acid inside RED BLOOD CELLS?
|
Carbonic ANhydrase
|
|
Once carbonic acid (the old CO2 that entered) is in the red blood cell, what happens?
|
dissociates to form +bicarbonate ions+
& H+ ions |
|
The H+ ions do what after dissociating from carbonic acid in the RBC?
|
bind to Hemoglobin (think of H+ as the acid indigestion left over from bagging all those Oxygens. The goblins now got a case of H+ reflux)
|
|
H+ binds to hemoglobin after dissociating - what happens to bicarbonate left over?
|
It's used as the ACID-BASE BUFFER with CO2
|
|
When hyperventilating, why should you breathe into a paper bag?
|
Because the CO2 level in your body has dropped and there is less H+. You are now in respiratory alkalosis/base and need CO2, which you exhale and re-inhale from the bag.
|
|
Regulation of respiration could be considered the nervous system's adjustments to ___________ ventilation when the body demands it.
|
alveolar
|
|
1. gather information: ___________
2. integrate signals: ____________ 3. Effectors: ___________ |
1. sensors
2. central controller 3. muscles |
|
4 lung receptors
|
Stretch
Chemical Irritant J-receptors |
|
alveolar wall receptors that detect lung disease and edema
|
J-receptors (JUNK receptors)
|
|
Receptors that inhibit inhalation -'switch OFF' dorsal respiratory center
Hering-Breuer reflex. |
Stretch receptors
|
|
Bronchioconstriction! Increased ventilation by causing blood to be shunted to low O2 areas.
|
Irritant receptors
|
|
Are both central and peripheral lung receptors.
|
cHEMical romance receptors
|
|
changes in arterial _____ have greater effect than changes in arterial ____ (regarding chemical central and peripheral lung receptors)
|
CO2 Central greater
than pH peripHeral |
|
what is the INSPIRATORY CENTER of the medulla most sensitive to?
|
High concentration of CO2 or H+ ions (low pH)
|
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If the INSPIRATORY CENTER of the medulla detects a high conc. of CO2 or H+ (low pH), what will it do?
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greatly increase the strength of BOTH inspiration and expiration
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Central chemical control responds to
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CO2 (and H+)
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Peripheral chemical control responds to ____________.
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Oxygen! You need oxygen to get all the way out to the far reaches of you.
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Where is the peripheral control center that detects Oxygen levels in body?
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carotid body
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Carotid body is sensitive to
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low oxygen (less than 100mmHg PP)
and high carbon dioxide/H+ concentration |
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Is the central control of respiratory on both sides or one side of the medulla and pons?
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both, like most things
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Organization of Central respiratory control into 3 groups
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Dorsal
Ventral Pneumotaxic ctr |
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In the DORSAL respiratory group under the 4th ventricle, what cranial nerves and tract?
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Solitary and CN 9 and CN 10
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Function of DORSAL respiratory group?
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INspiration!
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Chemical control sensor CENTRAL
chemical control sensor PERIPHERAL |
3 respiratory centers (CO2 and H+)
carotid body (O2) |
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The dorsal respiratory group gets input from Solitary nucleus tract & 9.10.
Input of ventral respiratory group? |
Nucleus ambiguous, retroambiguous
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function of VENTRAL respiratory group
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EXTRA respiratory drive (inactive during normal quiet breathing)
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function of PNEUMO-TAXIC ctr
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limits inspiration *********
Increases rate of breathing (short and shallow) |
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what is the communicator for Pneumotaxic center
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nucleus pararachialis
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We don't know the exact mechanism for increased ventilation, but what is it designed to do?
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control CO2 amt partial pressure during exercise
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body temperature will ___________ the production of CO2 and have a direct effect on the respiratory center
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increase
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