Nycc Sys Phys Digestion Balliet

Front 1

3 fcns of digestive system

Back 1

1. movement of food down sys
2. mixing of food and enzymes (secretion of mucus for lube + protect)
3. digestion/absorption of nutrients

Front 2

name some structures from typical cross-section of gut

Back 2

serosa/circular muscle/longitudinal muscle/submucosa/Meissener's nerve plexus/mucosa/epithelial lining/mucosal muscle/mucosal gland/myenteric nerve plexus/submucosal gland/mesentery

Front 3

Movement through GI tract depends on

Back 3

Smooth muscle

Front 4

smooth GI muscle fcns as a _____

Back 4

unit

slow waves, spike potentials, muscle contractions

Front 5

Hallmark of smooth muscle in gut

Back 5

self-excitatory!

Front 6

resting membrane potential of smooth gut muscle

Back 6

50-60mV

Front 7

the Slow Waves of GI are the ______________, NOT the action potential!

Back 7

pacemaker = slow waves


*sodium channels

Front 8

What ion elicits action potentials in smooth GI muscle?

Back 8

Calcium!

*elicits rhythmical contraction

Front 9

The calcium channels elicit the action potentials (contractions) but ___________ controls the changes in rhythm.

Back 9

Sodium conductance

Front 10

name of sodium pacemaker cells

Back 10

Interstitial cells of Cajal

PACEMAKER SODIUM CAJAL

Front 11

Interstitial cells of Cajal are INDEPENDENT of ____________. Why?

Back 11

hormones/nervous stimuli

*because the pacemaker doesn't depend on environment. Steady on.

Front 12

Variable amplitude cells ARE affected by nervous/hormonal stimuli.
- what happens to strengthen GI contraction?

Back 12

-Increase amplitude leads to...
-Increase in Spike potential frequency (action potentials) leads to...
-Increase in strength of contraction!

Front 13

cells affected by nervous/hormonal stimuli?

cells not affected by the same?

Back 13

affected = variable amplitude

not affected = Interstitial of Cajal

Front 14

Leaky sodium channels have a -35 mV threshold. When does a true action potential occur in GI smooth muscle?

Back 14

SLOW WAVES reach -40mV, then spike/action potential causes smooth muscle contraction

Front 15

EC coupling review

(cause and 2 options)

Back 15

stomach-smooth muscle-Ca enters cytoplasm via caveoli channel-released from S.R. via Ca+Ca or IP3 (Dag/PIP/PL-C) channel or Ca depletion causes STORE operated channel to open allowing Ca to enter

Front 16

summarize resting GI membrane and action potential

Back 16

Resting @ -50mV

SLOW waves at threshold -40mV
every 12 sec.

Front 17

summarize Stimulation of GI membrane and action potential

Back 17

Slow waves (Sodium) @ -42mV lower threshold to -35mV then...
SPIKES!! (Calcium) to about -5mV.
3 stimulators: stretch, Ach, Parasymps

Front 18

summarize hyperpolarization of GI membrane (no a.p.'s)

Back 18

-65mV fluctuating slightly
Hyperpolarization stimulated by:
Norepinephrine
Sympathetics

Front 19

Name 3 types of smooth muscle contractions in GI

Back 19

Rhythmic
Tonic
Giant Migrating

Front 20

contraction that mixes and propulses food

Back 20

Rhythmic

Front 21

contraction that increases the tone of small intestine and colon (shrinks lumen size) to propel digested food

Back 21

Tonic (tone)

Front 22

rapidly propagating contractions that travel over long distances and produce mass movements
esophagus to colon

Back 22

Giant Migrating

Front 23

2 plexuses of GI for neural control

Back 23

Myenteric (muscular) plexus

Submucosal plexus

Front 24

mainly postganglionic to GI

Back 24

postgang SYMPs

Front 25

how does GI epithelium communicate with the prevertebral ganglia, spinal cord and brain stem?

Back 25

sensory neurons

(also communicate with submucosal and myenteric plexuses)

Front 26

Myenteric plexus also called

Back 26

Auerbach's plexus

*Intrinsic control via ENTERIC n.s.

Front 27

Submucosal plexus also called

Back 27

Meissner's plexus

*Intrinsic control via ENTERIC n.s.

Front 28

Extrinsic (outside) controls of GI neural

Back 28

ANS:
Parasympathetic - Ach Stimulates!
Sympathetic - NE i n h i b i t s . . .

Front 29

The Enteric nervous system of GI runs inside the ________ from the _________ to the __________.

Back 29

gut wall from esophagus to anus

Front 30

Integration can occur entirely within the enteric nervous sys. What does this mean?

Back 30

The enteric ns can function independently of the ANS

*Myenteric and Submucosal plexuses

Front 31

The myenteric plexus functions mainly to control the

Back 31

GI motility

*it is between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers so 'motile' is operative word

Front 32

Inhibitors of MYENTERIC plexus

Back 32

Decreased sphincter tone (relax):
1. LES lower esophageal sphincter
2. pyloric sphincter
3. ileocecal sphincter

Front 33

name the 3 sphincters that inhibit the myenteric plexus

Back 33

(L.i.p.):
LES
pyloric
ileocecal

Front 34

Myenteric plexus is between the muscle layers from esophagus to anus. Where is the submucosal plexus of GI found?

Back 34

esophagus to anus but in the mucosal, not muscular, layer of GI

Front 35

Myeneric plexus is responsible for gut motility (movement = muscle).
SUBmucosal plexus?

Back 35

local control

*myenteric is like the Fed moving everything along, submucosa town mgr.

Front 36

local control functions of the submucosal "town mgr.s": (3)

Back 36

secretion
absorption
contraction of muscularis mucosa

Front 37

supplies parasympathetic Cranial division

Back 37

VAGUS
(first half of gut)

Front 38

nerves for second half of gut parasympathetics

Back 38

Pelvic SPLANCHNIC nerves for Sacral division
(second half of gut)

Front 39

remember that sympathetics are short on sympathy, so reverse is parasympathetics are

Back 39

long (preganglionically)

Front 40

parasympathetic postganglionics are short - these Cranial (VAGUS) and Sacral (p. SPLANCHNIC) nerves synapse primarily with ?

Back 40

ENS

Front 41

what excites the ENS?

Back 41

parsympathetics

(Cranial and Sacral divisions of Vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves)

Front 42

Contains 80% afferent sensory fibers that go back to brain, myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

Back 42

Parasympathetic nerves contain 80% of afferent sensory fibers.

Front 43

From whence do sympathetic pregangs come?

Back 43

T5-L2 (cell bodies)

Front 44

Pregang sympathetics come from T5-L2 cell bodies and synapse where?

Back 44

prevertebral ganglia

Front 45

Post-ganglionic sympathetics originate in the ganglia, obviously, and terminate in the ______ (mostly) to innervate the entire gut.

Back 45

ENS

Front 46

What inhibits sympathetic innervation of digestive sys?

Back 46

a. decreasing ENS activity
b. direct effect to inhibit smooth muscle

Front 47

Parasympathetics contain 80% afferent nerve fibers. What do sympathetics contain?

Back 47

50%

Front 48

term for digestive neurotransmitters

Back 48

neurocrines

Front 49

preganglionic efferent neurocrine

Back 49

Ach

Front 50

postganglionic efferent neurocrine

Back 50

Parsympathetic: Ach

Sympathetic: NE

Front 51

What neurocrines does the Enteric system use to inhibit and excite, primarily?

Back 51

inhibit: NE (sympathetic)

excite: Ach (parasympathetic)
*rest and digest means ON!

Front 52

job of SENSORY afferent neurons from gut to brain

Back 52

Tells brain when gut wall distended, when non-specific irritation of gut mucosa occurs, when specific chemical stimuli happens

Front 53

Stimulation of the sensory afferents from gut to brain can do one of two things?

Back 53

excite OR inhibit

*intestinal movements and secretions

Front 54

explain path of LONG LOOP reflex
*remember, this is a long loop so must end where it began, and a reflex so will not tell brain a thing!

Back 54

gut - afferent nerve - prevertebral ganglia - efferent nerve - back to gut

(long loop reflex is a long loop!)

Front 55

3 Long Loop reflexes of gut:

Back 55

1. Gastro-Colic (evacuate, evacuate!)
2. Entero-Gastric (stop stomach contractions and begin secretions)
3. Colono-Ilieal (stop dumping ileal contents into colon)

Front 56

long loop reflex that tells stomach to stop contracting/motility and start secreting stomach enzymes

Back 56

Entero-Gastric l.l.r.

(nervous sys of gut to stomach talk)

Front 57

Long loop reflex of gut that tells colon to evacuate, evacuate!

Back 57

gastro-colic llr

(signals from stomach to colon to clear)

Front 58

Long loop reflex that tells the ilieum to stop dumping into the colon?

Back 58

Colono-ilieal llr

(colon screams "Stop!" to ilieum so ilieum quits dumping its contents)

Front 59

Long loop reflexes end up where they started and never reach the brain. What are the gut to spinal cord or brain stem and back to gut reflexes?

Back 59

V.D.P.
-Vasovagal
-Defecation
-Pain

Front 60

*reflex that allows stomach to send message via afferent to brain stem. **Controls gastric motor and secretory activity: ____________________

Back 60

VDP
Vasovagal reflex

(vaso to vagus and back)

Front 61

Reflex that lets the colon shout up to the brain, "Yo! It's time to Go!"

Back 61

VDP
Defecation reflex

(colon to afferent to spinal cord to efferent to colon)

Front 62

Reflex that overrides EVERYTHING

Back 62

Pain reflex.
stops GI cold.

*think IBS

Front 63

What stimulates the gut to work?

Back 63

distention
irritation
parasympathetic n.s. (excitatory for gut)

Front 64

The Myenteric plexus between long and circular SM layers controls

Back 64

peristalsis (reflex)

Front 65

How does the myenteric plexus inhibit peristaltic reflex?

Back 65

Atropine! - blocks Ach so drops peristalsis

*Atropos Gr. goddess of Fate/memory

Front 66

A congenital absence of myenteric plexus

Back 66

no peristalsis

Front 67

what mixes food in the gut

Back 67

persitalsis and local, intermittent constrictions 5-30 sec apart. Every few centimeters there is a constriction- this chops and shears the contents

Front 68

most important fcn of MOUTH

Back 68

mastication
*breaks cellulose (indigestible)
*increases surface area (decrease particle size)
*mixes food with saliva (starch break)

Front 69

how is starch broken in mouth

Back 69

saliva: alpha-amylase, lingual lipase

Front 70

Salivary _______ digests starch and turns it into ________. It also digests _____, turning them into mono's, di's and fatty acids.

Back 70

amylase, maltose, TAG

TAG=triacylglycerols

Front 71

other term for swallowing

Back 71

deglutition

Front 72

3 stages of swallowing

Back 72

voluntary
pharyngeal (pharynx-eso)
esophageal (eso-stomach)

Front 73

How is the swallowing reflex controlled?

Back 73

brain stem

*closes trachea, relaxes Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES), peristalsis

Front 74

swallowing center of brain stem

Back 74

Medulla!

*coordinates vagal nuclei, inhibits respiration, senses from pharynx and esophagus

Front 75

pharyngeal phase pathway

Back 75

food - afferent to Glossopharyngeal - swallowing ctr in medulla - efferent to pharynx - yes! responds with peristaltic contraction of pharynx

Front 76

esophageal stage of swallowing is a continuation of pharyngeal/primary peristalsis. Secondary peristalsis is induced by?

Back 76

distention

Front 77

Upper esophagus is 1/3 ________ muscle.
Lower esophagus is 2/3 __________ muscle.

Back 77

striated

smooth 2/3

Front 78

once the primary peristalsis is coordinated by medullary swallowing ctr, secondary peri. sends ________-related afferents to ENS and swallowing center.

Back 78

stretch-related (2nd is distention)

*involves ENS and medulla swallowing

Front 79

which peristalsis (prime or second) can occur after a vagotomy? Why?

Back 79

secondary, because it's smooth muscle and not voluntary

Front 80

During resting state (between swallows), the circular muscle of the esophagus is in _______ contraction and the esophagus body is relaxed.

Back 80

tonic (sustained for tone)

Front 81

Why are the esophageal sphincters kept at a HIGH RESTING PRESSURE

Back 81

UES = to prevent air from entering eso.

LES = stops acid reflux into eso.

Front 82

What prompts the UES and LES to relax and allow food to pass?

Back 82

pharyngeal contractions due to swallowing -sends the wave down!

Front 83

The peristaltic wave of swallowing is high pressure, but what becomes low pressure?

Back 83

UES and LES/fundus

Front 84

where does phood physically pfall in the stomach?

Back 84

into the antrum under the angular notch

Front 85

orad stomach

Back 85

fundus and superior part of body that relaxes to accept food

*Receptive Relaxation = ORAD

Front 86

caudad stomach

Back 86

mixes food with gastric juice & propels chyme into duodenum

*Retropulsion & Antral Pump

Front 87

retropulsion (mixing food with gastric juice) would most obviously take place in the ______ of the stomach.

Back 87

antrum (lowest point)

Front 88

The stomach stores and mixes food with gastric enzymes (retropulsion in the antrum) and digests?

Back 88

proteins and fats

Front 89

what breaks protein into peptides and fats into free fatty acids, tri-, di- and monoacyls and glycerols?

Back 89

pepsin

Front 90

2 types of gastric glands

Back 90

GASTRiC (oxyntic)

PYLORIC

Front 91

examples of gastric/oxynitic secretions

Back 91

HCL, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, mucus, rennin (chymosin)

Front 92

examples of pyloric gastric secretions

Back 92

gastrin
mucus
and small amts of pepsinogen

Front 93

Gastric glands cover 80% of the stomach (upper to antrum). Name the 3 gastric/oxyntic glands:

Back 93

1.Mucous Neck -mucus
2.Chief -pepsinogen, rennin
3.Parietal -HCL, Intrinsic Factor

Front 94

The pyloric gland cells make up the last 20% of the stomach - what are they?

Back 94

1. Mucous Neck - mucus, pepsinogen
2. G-cells - gastrin

Front 95

name the phases of gastric secretion (4):

Back 95

1 - Cephalic is vagus
2 - Parasympathetic is pepsin/acid
3 - Gastric is reflexes and Gastrin/histamine complex
4 - Intestinal phase: nervous hormone

Front 96

Pyloric pump

Back 96

Pyloric pump uses water pressure to force chyme into duodenum

Front 97

If the pylorus is constricted, what happens?
What controls the degree of constriction ?

Back 97

-constriction prevents food particles from passing
-controlled by nervous and blood reflex signals from stomach and duodenum

Front 98

2 factors that promote stomach EMPTYING:

Back 98

large food volume (stretch) & Release of hormone GASTRIN

Front 99

3 factors that INHIBIT stomach emptying:

Back 99

-CCK
-Secretin
-GIP

Front 100

what gastric factor indicates there is fat still left in the chyme and so the stomach should NOT empty?

Back 100

CCK (choleocystokinin) = fat in chyme

Front 101

what gastric factor indicates there is gastric acid still in the stomach and so it should NOT empty?

Back 101

Secretin = acid

Front 102

what gastric factor decreases GI motility and tells the stomach it should NOT empty?

Back 102

GIP = down gastrointestinal motility (as in sympathetic fight or flight)

Front 103

what is the first part of the intestines after the stomach/pyloric sphincter?

Back 103

duodenum

Front 104

Acidic chyme enters the duodenum from the stomach. What is done to counter this acid and who is responsible?

Back 104

pH is elevated via BICARBONATE
secreted by Brunner's Glands & pancreas

Front 105

after the Brunner's glands quell the acid in the duodenum with some bicarb, what happens?

Back 105

Pancreas digestive enzymes
+
Gall bladder bile enter
via sphincter of Oddi

Front 106

what causes gall bladder constriction?

Back 106

CCK

Front 107

stimulated when stomach has food so it will tell the pancreas as much

Back 107

Vagus

Front 108

Vagal stimulation causes the pancreas to release enzymes into the _______

Back 108

acini

Front 109

causes giant secretions of pancreatic fluid and bicarbonate.

Back 109

Secretin

Front 110

how does the duodenum get rid of secretin and CCK?

Back 110

absorbed into blood

Front 111

where does secretin come from?

Back 111

DUODENUM- caused by presence of acid (HCl) that passed from the stomach

Front 112

fats and amino acids cause release of

Back 112

CCK in duodenum

(secretin for acid and CCK for fats/aa's are reabsorbed by blood afterwards)

Front 113

CCK via bloodstream causes 2 events:

Back 113

1. gallbladder contraction
2. relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

Front 114

Bile is stored and concentrated up to __x times in the gall bladder.

Back 114

15

Front 115

bile acids via blood stimulate _________ secretion.

Back 115

liver parenchymal

Front 116

what causes a wEAk constriction of gall bladder?

Back 116

vagal stimulation

Front 117

For digestion and absorption,
Large surface area of microvilli,
Large blood supply

Back 117

small intestine

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Front 118

substances absorbed by the small intestines?

Back 118

carbs, proteins, lipids

Front 119

stomach protein digest enzyme of FUNDUS:
-activator
-substrate
-end product

Back 119

FUNDUS:
-HCl
-protein
-peptides

Front 120

stomach protein digest enzyme of PYLORUS:
-activator
-substrate
-end product

Back 120

PYLORUS:
-pH 1-2, AUTOactivation
-protein
-peptides

Front 121

PANCREAS enzyme trypsinogen has 2 activators, 2 substrates, 2 end products:

Back 121

enteropeptidase & trypsin
protein and peptides
polypeptides & dipeptides

Front 122

PANCREAS enzyme
chymotrypsinogen has 1 activator, 2 substrates, 1 end product

Back 122

trypsin
protein & peptides
as for trypsin

Front 123

PANCREAS enzyme
prolastase has 1 activator, 2 substrates, 2 end products

Back 123

trypsin
protein & peptides
polypeptides & dipeptides

Front 124

PANCREAS enzyme
procarboxy-peptidases have 1 activator, 1 substrate, 2 end products

Back 124

trypsin
polypeptides @ -COOH end
small peptides & amino a.'s

Front 125

There are no zymogens (inactive precursors) in the ______________.

Back 125

small intestine

Front 126

SMALL INTESTINE enzyme amino-peptidase has 0 activator, 2 substrates, and 2 end p's

Back 126

no activator (not applicable because no zymogen)
polypeptide at -NH2 & dipeptides
small peptides & aminos

Front 127

SMALL INTESTINE enzyme dipeptidase has the end product:

Back 127

amino acids

Front 128

SMALL INTESTINE enzyme endopeptidase has 1 substrate and 2 end product

Back 128

polypeptides
small peptides & dipeptides

Front 129

absorption depends on

Back 129

gut blood flow

Front 130

blood flow is proportional in the gut to _____ activity

Back 130

local

*meals up blood flow to gut

Front 131

After a meal, active absorption starts in the gut. Where is absorption increased 8x in gut?

Back 131

villi

Front 132

During motor activity, where is blood flow increased to gut?

Back 132

muscle layers (concentric and longitudinal)

Front 133

name some vasodilators released from gut mucosa (7 total):

Back 133

CCK - VIP - Gastrin - Secretin - Kallidin - Bradykinin - Adenosine

Front 134

2 reasons for VASODILATION (increased blood flow) to gut?

Back 134

1. vasodilators released from mucosa (CCK, etc.)
2. lowered OXYgen in gut wall

Front 135

Vasodilation due to reduced OXYgen in gut wall is due to

Back 135

increase in metabolic rate during gut activity
*Up blood flow,
UP ADENOSINE 4X!!!

Front 136

You know Parasympathetic control is neuro controlled by Ach. When stimulated, these nerves increase?

Back 136

blood flow and gland secretions to stomach and lower colon

Front 137

An INCREASE in glandular secretions of the gut always causes and INCREASE in?

Back 137

blood flow to the gut

Front 138

Blood flow increase is always secondary to

Back 138

glandular secretion!

Front 139

Shuts off blood flow to gut

Back 139

Exercise (and pain)

Front 140

Exercise vasoconstricts gut arterioles and is directed by SYMPATHETIC nt's:

Back 140

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine

Front 141

name 4 pathologies of blood supply to gut?

Back 141

1. circulatory shock
2. decreased cardiac output
3. hypotension
4. mechanical obstruction

Front 142

Gut insults/pathologies decrease the SPLANCHNIC blood flow. What dies?

Back 142

Villus tip or entire villus dies from ischemia

Front 143

what insult to body displaces large amts of blood to other parts of body, depriving gut?

Back 143

Hemorrhagic shock (low blood volume state)

Front 144

steroid homones are made from

Back 144

cholesterol

*aldosterone, testosterone

Front 145

examples of peptide hormones

Back 145

prolactin, etc. Everything is a peptide hormone except steroid homones and aa derivatives (DA, E, NE, 5-HTP)

Front 146

if it says hormone on the end, it's probably a ________ hormone

Back 146

peptide

Front 147

steroid hormones end in

Back 147

-one
or
-diol

Front 148

sweeps undigested residue toward colon tomaintain low bacterial counts in upper intestine

Back 148

MMC
Migrating Motility Complexes

Front 149

what mediates MMC? (Migrating Motility Complex sweeping of undigested material to colon)

Back 149

Motilin mediates MMC

*occurs between meals and takes ~90min from stomach to colon

Front 150

What do these hormones do?
Gastrin, CCK, Insulin, Motilin, Serotonin

Back 150

STIMULATES motility
*controlled by Motilin

Front 151

What secretions INHIBIT gut motility?

Back 151

Secretin and Glucagon
Epinephrine (adrenals)

Front 152

somatomedin-C is

Back 152

IGF-1

Front 153

how does small intestine motility contribute to digestion and absorption?

Back 153

mixes chyme
circulates chyme
propels chyme to lg intes.

Front 154

serves as valve and sphincter between small and large intestine

Back 154

ileocecal junction

Front 155

prevents backflow into small intestine mechancially

Back 155

ileocecal valve (jcn)

Front 156

regulates movement of ileal contents into large intestine

Back 156

ileocecal sphincter (jcn)

Front 157

what excites the sphincter and inhibits peristalsis in ileum?

Back 157

pressure or chemical irritation in cecum

Front 158

absorbs fluid, electrolytes and products of bacterial slough-off in colon

Back 158

LARGE intestine

Front 159

The large intestine contains the crypts of _________ but there are no villi or enzymes.

Back 159

Lieberkuhn

Front 160

bacterial products of the LARGE intestine: (3)

Back 160

Vitamin K!!!! (don't forget this)
biotin
short-chain fatty acids

Front 161

what do the crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete in the large intestine, considering there are no villi for absorption?

Back 161

alkaline mucus

*up with parasympathetic rest and digest stimulation

Front 162

mixing movements of large intestines

Back 162

haustrations

Front 163

propulsive movements of large intestines

Back 163

mass movements (no shit! wait, it is shit!)

Front 164

Propulsive movements of large intestines are just modified peristalsis. The purpose and distance?

Back 164

MASS MOVEMENTS: to move feces to rectum and stimulate defecation reflex.
transverse colon to sigmoid colon

Front 165

reflexes which initiate Mass (propulsive) Movements?

Back 165

Gastro -colic (stomach to colon) reflex when distention of stomach

Duodeno-colic when duodenum distended

Front 166

Mass (propulsive) movements aren't voluntary. They require G-C reflex and D-C reflexes so the ultimately involve the _____system

Back 166

ANS

Front 167

3 levels of control of defecation

Back 167

1. intrinsic reflex
2. spinal cord reflex
3. involvement of higher centers

Front 168

long loop reflex made only by ENS involving myenteric contraction when feces enters rectum, distending it.

Back 168

INTRINSIC defecation reflex (hence, ENS only)

Front 169

What is the only way, barring death or terror, defecation occurs via sphincters?

Back 169

if the EXTERNAL sphincter voluntarily relaxes

Front 170

Cord levels that provide sensory and motor fibers for defecation reflex

Back 170

S2-S4 (parasympathetic)

Front 171

the voluntary part of the intrinsic defecation reflex occurs when nerves from conscious motor cortex synapse with?

Back 171

skeletal motor nerves that go to the external anal sphincter *voluntary so travels from conscious cortex, not a reflex loop

Front 172

Which defecation reflex serves to INCREASE the intrinsic defecation reflex?

Back 172

I'll take SPINAL CORD defecation reflexes for 100, Alex.

Front 173

initiates Spinal Cord defecation reflex

Back 173

rectal distention

Front 174

nerve that controls external (voluntary) anal sphincter

Back 174

pudendal nerve

Front 175

What other effects do afferent signals from colon to cord cause?

Back 175

deep breath, closure of glottis, increased abdominal pressure

(Dejerine's trouble in the latrine)

Front 176

salivary gland secretion for carbohydrate digestion

Back 176

amylase

Front 177

salivary gland secretion for lipid digestion

Back 177

lingual lipase

Front 178

stomach secretions that initiate hydrolysis of proteins

Back 178

HCl and proteases

Front 179

pancreas secretions that continue the digestion began in the stomach of proteins/lipids

Back 179

HCO3 (bicarbonate)
proteases
lipases
starches

Front 180

function of liver/gall bladder for digestion

Back 180

secretion and storage of bile acids for release to small intestine

Front 181

final intraluminal digestion of foodstuffs

Back 181

small intestine

Front 182

where the membrane digestion of carbohydrate dimers and specific absorptive pathways for digest happen

Back 182

small intestine

Front 183

site of fluid (water) and electrolyte reabsorption and of bacterial products in the colon (vitamin K)

Back 183

Large Intestine!