Nycc Neuroscience Ii Visual System

Front 1

The visual field of each eye is separated into _____ _____.

Back 1

Four Quadrants

Front 2

The four quadrants are referred to as _____, _____, _____ & _____; also referred to as _____ & _____.

Back 2

Upper, Lower, Right, Left; Nasal; Temporal

Front 3

What receives the visual field projection?

Back 3

Retina

Front 4

Where is the image crossed and inverted first?

Back 4

Retina

Front 5

The _____ 1/2 of the visual field projects in the nasal 1/2 of the retina.

Back 5

Temporal

Front 6

The _____ 1/2 of the visual field projects in the temporal 1/2 of the retina.

Back 6

Nasal

Front 7

The _____ 1/2 of the visual field projects in the lower 1/2 of the retina.

Back 7

Upper

Front 8

The ____ 1/2 of the visual field projects in the upper 1/2 of the retina.

Back 8

Lower

Front 9

In the optic chiasma the fibers are going to _____ cross so that the left halves of the visual fields enter the _____ _____ ____.

Back 9

Partially; Right optic tract

Front 10

In the optic chiasma the fibers are going to _____ cross so that the right halves of the visual fields enter the _____ _____ ____.

Back 10

Partially; Left optic tract

Front 11

The optic tracts are going to _____ in the _____ _____ _____.

Back 11

Synapse; Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Front 12

Fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei are going to form the _____ _____.

Back 12

Optic radiation

Front 13

The optic radiation fibers that correspond to the _____ 1/2 of the visual field are going to form the _____ _____ _____ in the _____ lobe.

Back 13

Upper; Loop of Meyer; Temoral

Front 14

The optic radiation fibers that correspond to the _____ 1/2 of the visual field are going to travel in the _____ lobe.

Back 14

Lower; Parietal

Front 15

The optic radiation fibers from the Loop of Meyer terminate in the _____ _____ (_____ part of the visual field).

Back 15

Lingual gyrus; Upper

Front 16

The optic radiation fibers from the parietal lobe terminate in the _____ (_____ part of the visual field).

Back 16

Cuneus; Lower

Front 17

What may a lesion of the right optic nerve (CN II) result in?

Back 17

Right Anopsia

Front 18

What may a sagittal lesion of the optic chiasm result in?

Back 18

Bitemporal (Hemi-) Anopsia

Front 19

What may a horizontal lesion of the left part of the optic chiasm result in?

Back 19

Left Nasal Hemianopsia

Front 20

What may a lesion of the right optic tract, right lateral geniculate body, or right radiation result in?

Back 20

Left Homonymous Hemianopsia

Front 21

What may a lesion of the left primary visual cortex (Cuneus & Lingual gyrus) result in?

Back 21

Left Homonymous Hemianopsia with Sparing of the Macula

Front 22

What may a lesion of the right loop of Meyer (right temporal lobe optic radiation) result in?

Back 22

Left Homonymous Upper Quadrant Anopsia

Front 23

What may a lesion of the right lingual gyrus result in?

Back 23

Left Homonymous Upper Quadrant Anopsia with Sparing of the Macula

Front 24

What may a lesion of the optic radiation in the parietal lope result in?

Back 24

Left Homonymous Lower Quadrant Anopsia

Front 25

What may a lesion of the right cuneus result in?

Back 25

Left Homonymous Lower Quadrant Anopsia with Sparing of the Macula

Front 26

The _____ _____ separates the Cuneus which processes the superior retina input (_____ part of the visual field) from the Lingual gyrus which processes the inferior retina input (_____ part of the visual field).

Back 26

Calcarine Sulcus; Lower; Upper

Front 27

The light reflex pathway:
_____-> optic _____ -> optic _____-> superior _____ -> _____ nucleus bilaterally -> _____ nuclei -> _____ nerve -> _____ ganglion -> _____ _____ nerve -> _____ and _____ _____ muscles -> _____ of pupil

Back 27

Retina; Nerve; Tract; Brachium; Pretectal; Edinger-westphal; Occulomotor; Ciliary; Short ciliary; Ciliaris; Sphincter pupillae; Constriction

Front 28

The accomodation reflex pathway:
_____-> optic _____ -> optic _____-> _____ _____ nucleus -> optic _____ -> visual _____ -> _____ eye _____ (area ___) -> _____ tract -> _____ nucleus bilaterally -> _____ nucleus -> _____ nerve -> _____ ganglion -> _____ _____ nerves -> _____ and _____ _____ muscles

Back 28

Retina; Nerve; Tract; Lateral geniculate; Radiation; Cortex; Frontal eye field; 8; Corticobulbar; Pretectal; Edinger-Westphal; Oculomotor; Ciliary; Short ciliary; Ciliaris; Sphincter pupillae

Front 29

What occurs during the accomodation reflex?

Back 29

Convergence, Thickening of the lens

Front 30

The light reflex and the accomodation reflex are usually connected except in _____-_____ _____.

Back 30

Argyle-Robertson Pupil

Front 31

In Argyle-Robertson pupil, the accomodation reflex is ____ and the pupil (light) reflex is _____.

Back 31

Present; Absent

(A.R.P.|P.R.A.)

Front 32

What are the high velocity eye movements that orient the eyes toward the stimulus?

Back 32

Saccadic

Front 33

A saccade is a _____ velocity eye movement that _____ the eyes _____ the stimulus.

Back 33

High; Orients; Towards

Front 34

Saccadic movements occur because the _____ colliculus and the _____ eye field coordinate _____, _____, and _____ information, adjusting movements of the _____ to the stimulus.

Back 34

Superior; Frontal; Visual; Somatic; Auditory; Head

Front 35

The superior colliculus receives information about _____ in the _____ _____ and is concerned with visual _____ and _____ of _____ _____ of objects.

Back 35

Motion; Visual Field; Attentiveness; Identification of Broad outlines

Front 36

The frontal eye field receives information from the _____ _____ _____ and is concerned with _____ visual _____ and _____ movements to _____ visual stimuli.

Back 36

Primary visual cortex; Fine; Discrimination; Saccadic; Complex

Front 37

What is the sclera?

Back 37

White tough wall of the eye

Front 38

What is the conjunctiva?

Back 38

Thin lining over the sclera and the inside of the eyelids

Front 39

What is the cornea?

Back 39

Clear continuation of the sclera over the iris and pupil

Front 40

What is the iris composed of? What does it do?

Back 40

Muscles; Constrict or dilate the pupil

Front 41

What is the macula? What is it responsible for?

Back 41

Part of the retina which is most sensitive and has the least number of vessels; Central vision

Front 42

The fovea is a ___mm pit in the _____ where all the _____ _____ are _____ _____ so that the image is received by the _____ with the _____ amount of _____.

Back 42

2; Macula; Retinal layers; Shifted away; Photoreceptors; Least; Distortion

Front 43

What is the pupil? What is its size controlled by?

Back 43

Hole in the iris; Iris muscles

Front 44

What is the optic disc experienced as?

Back 44

Blind spot

Front 45

The optic disc contains no _____ and is the _____ of the _____ _____ and _____.

Back 45

Photoreceptors; Passageway; Optic nerve; Vessels

Front 46

There are three sets of _____ and two sets of _____ in the retina?

Back 46

Neurons; Interneurons

Front 47

In the retina, the _____ are in the deepest layer, the _____ cells are in the intermediate layer, and the _____ cells make up the superficial layer.

Back 47

Photoreceptors; Bipolar; Ganglion

Front 48

The ____ of the _____ cells in the retina make up the optic nerve.

Back 48

Axons; Ganglion

Front 49

The light has to go through _____ the _____ of the retina to reach the _____.

Back 49

All; Layers; Photoreceptors

Front 50

What cells allow communication between photoreceptors and bipolar cells as well as between bipolar cells and ganglion cells?

Back 50

Horizontal, Amacrine

Front 51

Horizontal and amacrine cells allow communication between _____ and _____ cells as well as between _____ cells and _____ cells.

Back 51

Photoreceptors; Bipolar; Bipolar; Ganglion

Front 52

Horizontal and amacrine cells allow communication between photoreceptors and bipolar cells for the purpose of _____.

Back 52

Convergence

Front 53

Horizontal and amacrine cells allow communication between bipolar cells and ganglion cells for the purpose of _____ _____.

Back 53

Lateral inhibition

Front 54

Rod characteristics:
_____ sensitivity to light (1000x) _____ _____ detection ability
_____vision
_____ photopigment; capture _____ light
Saturate in _____
_____ acuity
_____ _____ in fovea
___ type(s) of photopigment

Back 54

More; Single photon; Night; More; More; Daylight; Less; Not present; 1

Front 55

Cone characteristics:
_____ sensitivity to light
_____vision
_____ photopigment; capture _____ light
Saturate in _____ _____
_____ acuity
_____ in fovea
___ type(s) of photopigment

Back 55

Less; Day/color; Less; Less; Intense light; More; Concentrated; 3 (blue, red, green)

Front 56

Peripheral retina characteristics:
_____ photoreceptor/ganglion cells
_____ rods, _____ cones
_____ sensitivity to light

Back 56

More; More; Less; More

Front 57

Central retina characteristics:
_____ cones/ganglion cells
_____ rods

Back 57

Less; No

Front 58

In the _____ the _____ potential in the retina is -40mV

Back 58

Dark; Membrane

Front 59

_____ _____ _____ is continuously produced in the _____ by the enzyme guanylate cyclase keeping the _____ channels _____ (-40mV)

Back 59

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; Photoreceptor; Sodium; Open

Front 60

Light goes through all the retinal layers and is absorbed by the _____ _____.

Back 60

Pigment epithelium

Front 61

The pigment epithelium triggers absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the _____ in the membrane of the stacked discs in the photoreceptor's outer segment.

Back 61

Photopigment

Front 62

The photopigment in the rods is called _____

Back 62

Rhodopsin

Front 63

_____, a derivative of vitamin ___, is bound to an opsin

Back 63

Retinal; A

Front 64

A(n) _____ is a seven transmembrane α helices receptor protein like G protein coupled receptors

Back 64

Opsin

Front 65

Cones have _____ opsins

Back 65

Three

Front 66

Young-Helmholtz _____ theory states that the combination of relative excitation and inhibition of the _____, _____, and _____ _____ in the cones accounts for our color vision.

Back 66

Trichromacy; Red; Green; Blue; Opsins

Front 67

_____ "bleaches" retinal, which activates _____, which stimulates a ___ _____, Transducin, in the disc membrane.

Back 67

Light; Opsin; G protein

Front 68

Transducin activates the effector enzyme _____ to breakdown _____, which causes the _____ channels to _____.

Back 68

PhosphoDiEsterase (PDE); cGMP; Sodium; Close

Front 69

When PhosphoDiEsterase (PDE) breaks down cGMP and causes the sodium channels to close, the _____ membrane _____ to about ___mV.

Back 69

Photoreceptor; Hyperpolarizes; -70

Front 70

When sodium channels close and the membrane hyperpolarizes to ~-70mV, this causes the amount of neurotransmitter _____ to _____.

Back 70

Glutamate; Decrease

Front 71

When light "bleaches" retinal, it changes from a _____ to a _____ isomer.

Back 71

-Cis; -Trans

Front 72

When one goes from a lit room to a dark room the photoreceptors' sensitivity to light _____ by _____.

Back 72

Increases; 1,000,000x

Front 73

When we go from a lit room to a dark room, our pupils dilate and unbleached _____ _____ in the rods via a process that requires _____.

Back 73

Rhodopsin regenerates; Calcium

Front 74

The _____ _____ is the area of the retina that changes the cell's _____ potential when stimulated by light.

Back 74

Receptive field; Membrane

Front 75

Photoreceptors in the _____ of the receptive field _____ synapse with the _____ cell.

Back 75

Center; Directly; Bipolar

Front 76

Photoreceptors in the _____ area of the receptive field synapse on _____ cells which then synapse with the _____ cell.

Back 76

Surrounding; Horizontal (interneuron); Bipolar

Front 77

The receptive field's center and surround areas are _____.

Back 77

Antagonistic

(On center / Off surround)
(Off center / On surround)

Front 78

When light is on, the bipolar cell causes _____ glutamate to be released by the photoreceptors -> _____ coupled _____ receptors on bipolar cells cause _____.

Back 78

Less; G-protein; Glutamate; Depolarization

Front 79

When light is off, the bipolar cell causes _____ glutamate to be released by the photoreceptors -> _____ gated _____ _____ channels cause _____ of the bipolar cell.

Back 79

Glutamate; Direct ion; Depolarization

Front 80

Ganglion cells also have _____ receptive fields which react to light with a barrage of _____ _____.

Back 80

Antagonistic; Action potentials

Front 81

The response to stimulation of the center may be _____ by the response of the surround and vice versa.

Back 81

Cancelled

Front 82

Ganglion cells in our retinas are mainly responsive to _____ in illumination between their fields.

Back 82

Differences

Front 83

_____ ganglion cells have large receptive fields, respond to object motion and low contrast stimuli, and therefore aid in low resolution vision.

Back 83

Magnocellular (M)

Front 84

Magnocellular (M) ganglion cells have large receptive fields, respond to _____ _____ and _____ _____ stimuli, and therefore aid in _____ resolution vision.

Back 84

Object motion; Low contrast; Low

Front 85

_____ ganglion cells have small receptive fields and color opponent cells which are sensitive to wavelength (RGB-Y) and responsible for color vision and discrimination of fine detail.

Back 85

Parvocellular (P)

Front 86

Parvocellular (P) ganglion cells have small receptive fields, _____ _____ cells which are sensitive to _____ and responsible for color vision, and discrimination of _____ detail.

Back 86

Color opponent; Wavelength (RGB-Y); Fine

Front 87

The _____ _____ _____ has six layers numbered from posterior to anterior which contain M and P cells.

Back 87

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 88

Layers 1 and 2 of the lateral geniculate nucleus contain type ___ cells and receive synapses from ___ ganglion cells.

Back 88

M; M

(Magnocellular)

Front 89

Laters 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the lateral geniculate nucleus contain type ___ cells and receive synapses from ___ ganglion cells.

Back 89

P; P

(Parvocellular)

Front 90

Laters 1, 4, and 6 of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive fibers from the _____ retina.

Back 90

Contralateral

Front 91

Layers 2, 3, and 5 of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive fibers from the _____ retina.

Back 91

Ipsilateral

Front 92

The primary visual cortex is also known as the _____ ___ _____ cortex.

Back 92

Area 17 Striate

Front 93

The _____ channel comes to the primary visual cortex separately from the _____ channels.

Back 93

Magnocellular (M); Parvocellular (P)

Front 94

The _____ hand channel comes to the cortex separately from the _____ hand channel.

Back 94

Right; Left

(Separate columns)

Front 95

_____ channel will send the visual information back to the cortex.

Back 95

One

Front 96

Most of the _____ _____ fibers travel from the cortex to the lateral geniculate body or claustrum.

Back 96

Optic radiation

Front 97

Layer IVC is organized in alternating _____ _____ columns

Back 97

Ocular dominance

Front 98

_____ _____ _____ fibers from the ipsilateral retina are going to end up in the _____ visual cortex next to _____ _____ _____ fibers from the _____ retina.

Back 98

Lateral geniculate body; Primary; Lateral geniculate body; Contralateral

Front 99

The _____ visual cortex receives the _____ type cells and that channel is streamed through the _____ visual cortex to the _____ cortex for _____ of _____.

Back 99

Primary; Magnocellular (M); Secondary; Parietal; Analysis; Motion

Front 100

The _____ visual cortex separates the _____ type information it receives into information about shape that ends in _____ and information about color that ends in _____.

Back 100

Primary; Parvocellular (P); Interblobs; blobs.

Front 101

The shape and color channels are streamed through the _____ visual cortex to the _____ cortex for shape and color _____ and visual _____.

Back 101

Secondary; Temporal; Perception; Memory