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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In a pseudo-unipolar neuron, what perpetuates the action potential?
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Both axons
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What 'receptors' have no true pad?
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Thermal receptors and pain receptors (exposed nerve_
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Thermal and nociceptors are ____ and ____ fiber groups
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A delta or C
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Mechanoreceptors are ______ and _______ fiber groups
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A alpha or A beta
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Ruffani are for ______, Pacinian for ______ Merkel for _______, and Meissner for ________.
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Ruffani: Touch
Pacinian: vibration Merkel: pressure Meissner: Touch |
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When are fast somatic receptors excited?
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During onset and removal
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When are slow somatic receptors excited?
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From onset and during stimulation
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What are the fast somatic receptors, from small to large?
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Mesisner's Pacinian
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What are the slow somatic receptors from small to large?
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Merkel's, Ruffani's
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______, _______, and _______ is soma
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Sin, skeletal, muscle and bone
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_____, ______, ______ and ______ is visceral
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Smooth, cardiac, glands and organs
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What is the order of skin receptor myelination?
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A alpha, A beta, A delta, or C
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What is the order of muscle receptor myelination?
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Ia, or Ib, II, III, IV
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What are the 3 systems/tracts of deep sensibility?
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Dorsal columns, medial lemniscus system, spinocerebellar tracts
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What are the modalities of deep sensibility?
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Vibration, discriminatory touch, pressure and proprioception
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What is the ability to recognize 3D objects by touch?
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Stereognosis
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Discriminatory touch is important for what 2 abilities?
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Stereognosis and graphesthesia
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________ carries proprioception from upper extremities, lower are carried by __________
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Fasciculus cuneatus
Spinocerebellar tracts |
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Lower extremity DS goes from the _____ to _____ to _______ without ________
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DR ganglion --> fasciculus gracilis --> nucleus gracilis in the medulla without crossing
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The most medial fibers represent the _______ of lower extremity DS
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Sacral contribution
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Upper extremity DS goes from the _____ to _____ to _____ without ________
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DR ganglion --> fasciculus cuneatus --> nucleus cuneatus in the medulla without crossing
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Upper extremity unconscious proprioception enter the cerebellum as the _________
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Unconscious, cuneocerebellar tract
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What are sent for reflexes?
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Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus collaterals to various levels of both horns bilaterally
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Where do the fibers of the reflexes travel?
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Fasciculus proprius (thin grey matter outline)
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For the DSCT, dorsal root ganglion enter the ____ and synapse with the _______
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Dorsal horn, nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's column)
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The nucleus dorsalis gives rise to the _______ which _________
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Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, ascends to medulla without crossing
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In the medulla what does the conscious proprioception fibers synapse with?
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Nucleus Z
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In the medulla what structure does the unconscious proprioception fibers enter?
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Cerebellum, via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
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Who carries conscious proprioception only? Unconscious only? Both?
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Conscious: FG
Unconscious: VSCT Both: FC and DSCT |
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What is the order of travel for the VSCT?
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Nucleus proprius --> ventral white commissure (cross) ---> superior cerebellar peduncle (cross)
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What is the order of travel for the VSCT?
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Nucleus proprius --> ventral white commissure (cross) --> superior cerebellar peduncle (cross)
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______, ______, & _______ combine to form the arcuate fibers that cross the _______, forming what?
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Nucleus gracilis, cuneatus and Z combine to form arcuate fibers; cross the great sensory decussation to form the contralateral medial lemniscus
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How is the medial lemniscus somatotopically arranged in the medulla?
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Cervical (dorsal) to sacral (ventral)
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How is the medial lemniscus somatotopically arranged in the midbrain?
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Cervical (medial) to sacral (lateral)
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Nociceptors respond to what?
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Noxious stimuli resulting from skin or soft tissue injury
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Nociceptor pain results from nociceptor activation due to ________
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Tissue injury and resultant inflammation
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Neuropathic pain is pain resulting from _________
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Direct insult to the nerve
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Pain is ________ of an unpleasant stimulus not necessarily a product of __________
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Subjective, nociceptor excitation
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_________ is transmitted to the spinal cord by myelinated A delta fibers
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Fast sharp prickling pain
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________ is transmitted to spinal cord by unmyelinated C fibers
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Slow dull pain
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What type of stimulus is carried by myelinated A delta fibers?
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Thermal and mechanical noxious stimuli
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What type of stimuli is carried by unmyelinated C fibers?
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High intensity thermal, chemical and mechanical noxious stimuli
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What may explain referred visceral pain?
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Pain from the viscera enters the spinal cord the same way somatic pain does
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What is primary hyperalgesia?
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Sensitization of surrounding nociceptors after injury by inflammation
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Primary hyperalgesia results from the release of what 6 things?
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Bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine, acetylcholine, substance P, CGRP, etc
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The local substances that were released in primary hyperalgesia do what?
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Lower the nociceptor's activation threshold (easier to activate_
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What is central hyperalgesia?
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Sensitization of dorsal horn cells after injury
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What is central hyperalgesia due to?
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Persistent activation of NMDA receptors by the glutamate releasing C fibers
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What may central hyperalgesia result in?
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Long term decrease of the pain threshold
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In the DL fasciculus of Lissauer, where do the axons go before synapsing in the dorsal horn?
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Ipsilateral, two levels up
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What types of axons are found in the dorsolateral fasciculus of Lissauer?
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A delta and C
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Primary afferents synapses with the ____, _____, and ______ of the dorsal horn
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Nucleus proprius, pericornual cells and substantia gelatinosa
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The interneurons of Lissauer control _________
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Pain perception
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Axons of the _______ cross in the _______ to from the lateral spinothalamic tract
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Nucleus proprius, ventral white commissure
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Secondary afferents ascend to the thalamus in the _______ system
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Secondary pain and temperature, anterolateral spinothalamic system
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The LSTT sends collaterals to the ______, _______. ________ and ________
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Reticular formation, periaqueductal grey, nucleus gracilis and cuneatus, and hypothalamus
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What is the gate control theory of pain based on?
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Proprioceptive and mechanical stimulation diminishes the perception of pain
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____ mechanoreceptors send collaterals to the _____ which in turn inhibit _______.
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A beta; nucleus substantia; nucleus proprius
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_____ and ______ nociceptors send excitatory signals to the ______, inhibiting the _________
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A delta and C; nucleus proprius; nucleus gelatinosa
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Mechanoreceptors _______ pain, while nociceptors ______ pain, thus ________ occurs
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Mechanoreceptors turn off pain while nociceptors turn on pain; thus pain modulation occurs
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What are TENS units and what are they based on?
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Transcutaneus Electron Nerve Stimulation, pain modulation
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Stimulation of what results in specific analgesia?
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Periaqueductal gray
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What is analgesia? What is anesthetic?
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Analgesia: feel no pain
Anesthetic: feel nothing |
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Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray also results in what?
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Blocking of withdraw reflexes in response to painful stimuli
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What two structures can be the periaqueductal excite?
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Serotoninergic nuclei, noradenergic locus coeruleus
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What do the periaqueductal stimulated structures travel in and what do they inhibit?
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Fasciculus of Lissauer, pericornual cells and nucleus proprius
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The descending inhibitory pathways ultimately interfere with what?
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Glutamate secretion of the primary pain afferents
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What two things administered in the periaqueductal grey results in anesthesia?
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Opioids and electrical stimulation
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Are all opiate receptors in the body used for pain control?
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No
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What four areas make the diencephalon?
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus (all thalamus!)
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What is the primary function of the thalamus?
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Autonomic maintenance of consciousness
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70% of the population have what structure that transverses the third ventricle?
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Interthalamic adhesion
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Where is the thalamus found?
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Forms the floor of the lateral ventricles and the superior lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
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The thalamus is a collection of _________ and __________
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Nuclei and associated laminae
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What is the ependymal lining?
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The roof of the third ventricle
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The lateral surface of the thalamus is covered by a thin sheet of fibers called the ___________?
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External medullary lamina
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What is the vertical sheet of ________ dividing the thalamus?
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White matter, internal medullary lamina
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All sensations except ________ pass through the thalami, but are not _________ yet.
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All sensations except SMELL pass through the thalami, but are not INTERPRETED yet
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The thalamus mediates ___________ from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the _____________
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The thalamus mediates MOTOR INFORMATION from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the MOTOR CORTEX
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Essentially, what does "The thalamus mediates motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the motor cortex" mean?
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Thalamus allows you to start and stop motion correctly
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What are the 6 motor groups of the thalamus?
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Anterior, medial, ventrolateral, reticular, intralaminar, and midline (6)
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The anterior nucleus forms __________, which is the posterior boundary of the __________.
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Anterior tubercle, interventricular foramen of Monro
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The anterior nucleus receives _________ information. Where is it received from?
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Limbic system information, mammillary bodies via the mammillothalamic tract
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What is the function of the anterior nucleus?
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Memory and emotion
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WHat is Korsakoff's syndrome?
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Thiamin deficiency due to alcoholism causing destruction around the 3rd ventricle
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WHat specific structures are commonly destroyed in Korsakoff's syndrome?
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Medial or anterior thamlamic nuclei and the mamillary bodies
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What clinically results from Korsakoff's syndrome?
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Short term anterograde memory loss with confabulation
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The medial group of nuclei receive information from what sources?
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Basal ganglia, amygdala, midbrain, and some spinothalamic fibers
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The medial group of nuclei project to the ____________.
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Pre-frontal lobe
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The medial group of nuclei function in ____________.
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Memory and behavior
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Ablation of the medial group results in what?
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Symptoms parallel those of pre-frontal lobotomy
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Ventral anterior and ventral lateral receive information from what sources?
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Basal ganglia and dentate nucleus
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VA and VL project into the __________?
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Motor and pre-motor cortices
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VA and VL function in __________?
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Motor integration and in maintenance of consciousness
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Stimulation of the VA/VL causing an increase in what? Ablation does what?
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Parkisonia rigidity and tremor
Ameliorate Parkisonian symptoms |
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All sensation but smell reach consciousness where in the thalamus?
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Ventral posterior nucleus
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All sensory information from head & face becomes conscious & integrated by what?
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Ventral posterior medial nucleus
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All sensory information from the body becomes consciousness & integrated by what?
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Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
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A lesion to the ventral posterior nucleus would result in ________ and __________.
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Anesthesia, or thalamic syndrome
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What is thalamic stroke?
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Loss of all sensation except for a pain hypersensitivity
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The medial geniculate body receives information from what sources?
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Inferior brachium (from inferior colliculus)
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The medial geniculate body projects to the ___________
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Auditory cortex via the auditory radiation
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Lesion to the medial geniculate body produces what?
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Bilateral hearing loss with a greater loss to the contralateral side
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THe lateral geniculate body receives information from what source?
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Optic tract
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The lateral geniculate body projects to the ___________
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Visual cortex via the optic radiation
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Lesion to the lateral geniculate body produces ___________
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Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia visual loss
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The lateral dorsal nucleus has reciprocal connections with what?
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Limbic system areas
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The lateral dorsal nucleus functions in _______________.
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Emotional expression
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The lateral posterior nucleus has reciprocal connection with what?
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Sensory association cortex of the parietal lobe
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The lateral posterior nucleus functions in ______________
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Integration of sensory information
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The pulvinar receives fibers from what sources?
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Retina and superior colliculus
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The pulvinar projects into the __________ and functions in ___________
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Parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, visualreflexes and eye movement
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The reticular nucleus has reciprocal connection with what?
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Thalamus and cortex
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The reticular nucleus functions in ___________. In other words it ____________.
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Modulation of thalamic activity. Tells each nuclei what the others are doing
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The intralaminar nuclei function as part of the limbic system in ______________
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Maintaining consciousness and alertness, integrating emotional responses to pain
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What forms most of the interthalamic adhesions?
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Midline nuclei
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The hypothalamus forms ________ of the third ventricle. It includes the _______ and _________.
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Inferior part of the lateral wall and floor of third ventricle. Mammillary bodies and tuber cinereum
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How is the hypothalamus divided?
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Anterior, intermediate, and posterior zones
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The hypothalamus is part of the _____ and ______, it controls _____________
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Endocrine and limbic systems, autonomic resposnes
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What are the 8 hypothalamic functions?
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1. Endocrine control
2. Neurosecretion 3. General autonomic effects 4. Temperature 5. Sexual behavior/reproduction 6. Biological clock 7. Emotional expression 8. Blood pressure/osmolarity |
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How is blood pressure and osmolarity controlled?
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Regulation of food and water intake
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If the hypothalamus satiety center is lesioned what results? Hunger and thirst center?
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Hyperphagia, hypophagia
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The hypothalamus exerts endocrine control upon the ___________.
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Anterior pituitary
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What neurosecretions are controled by the hypothalamus and what secretes each?
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Oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus), antidiuretic hormone (supraoptic nucleus)
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For temperature regulation, the ANTERIOR zone does what?
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Lowers body temperatures via cutaneous vasoDILATIONand sweating
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For temperature regulation, the POSTERIOR zone does what?
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Raises body temperature via cutaneous vasoCONSTRICTION and shivering
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Sexual behavior and reproduction regulation is achieved by controlling ____________?
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Gonadotropic production by the anterior pituitary
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Sexually, what 3 things does the hypothalamus regulate?
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Gametogenesis, cyclic variation, maturation and maintenance of secondary characteristics
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What nucleus is involved in circadian rhythms and daily body temperatures?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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The subthalamus serves as the transition zone between the _________ and _________
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Midbrain and thalamus
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The subtahalmus contains the __________, which is the functional constituent of the __________
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Subthalamic nucleus
Basal ganglia |
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Lesion of the subthalamus causes __________. Describe it
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Hemiballismus (uncontrollable violent torsional movements)
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What 5 structures make up the epithalamus?
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Habenula, stria medullaris thalami, pineal gland, posterior and habenular commissures
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The habenula functions in __________of the limbic system
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Olfactory reflexes
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The posterior commissure connects the __________ and functions in __________
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Two superior colliculi, visual reflexes
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What 2 things does the pineal gland secrete? What does each do?
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Antigonadotropin (inhibit gonadotropin), melatonin (circadian rhythms)
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Pineal growth results in __________. Pineal destruction results in __________
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Delayed puberty, prec-cocious puberty
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How many Boradmann areas are there?
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52
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The pre-central gyrus, or area ___, is the primary __________ concerned with __________
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4
Primary motor cortex Motion of a joint along a vector |
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What is the representation of dedicated cortical areas called?
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Homunculus
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The __________ refers to the precentral gyrus
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Motor homunculus
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The pre-frontal cortex is concerned with __________, __________ and __________
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Motor integration, judgement and language production
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Where is Broca's area located? Lesion to Broca's area causes what?
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Posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus, expressive aphasia
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What is the primary auditory cortex?
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Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl
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Deep into the lateral fissure is the __________ which is concerned with __________
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Insula, auditory integration and taste
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The occipitotemporal gyri are the visual association areas concerned with __________
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Perception of contrast color and shape
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Lesion to the occipitotemporal gyri results in __________, specifically __________
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Agnosia, prosopognosia
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In the temporal, what is concerned with vital function such as feeding/repro and memory?
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Parahippocampal gyrus, underline hippocampal formation, and amygdala
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The post-central gyrus is the __________ (Areas __, ___, ___)
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Primary somatosensory 3, 1, 2
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The area posterior to the post-central gyrus is the __________ area
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Sensory association area
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What is agnosia? What is prosopognosia?
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Lack of knowledge, inability to differentiate faces
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The sensory homunculus refers to the __________
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Post-central gyrus
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What does the posterior parietal association areas receive?
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Visual, auditory, and limbic inputs concerning 3D perception
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Lesion of the posterior parietal association areas results in __________, __________,and __________
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Astereognosis, personal neglect syndrome, and spatial neglect syndrome
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Where is Wernicke's area?
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Posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus with adjoining inferior parietal lobe
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What is asterognosis?
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Inability to recognize 3D objects through touch
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What is personal neglect syndrome?
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Ignoring the left side of one's body
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What is spatial neglect syndrome?
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Ignoring the left visual field
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Lesion to Wernicke's area results in __________
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Receptive aphasia (fluent speech with impaired repetition and comprehension)
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The occipital lobe contains __________ (Areas __, ___, ___)
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Primary and association visual cortices
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Lesion of the occipital lobe results in __________
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Anopsia
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The ANS is largely an __________ system
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Involuntary
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Which system has the secondary cell body closer to the CNS? To the tissue?
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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There is no parasympathetic supply to what structures?
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Blood vessels of the periphery
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Sweat glands are __________ system innervation.
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Sympathetic
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What has nicotinic ACh receptors?
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Somatic, sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-gnaglion
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WHat receptors do the sympathetic post-ganglion's contain?
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Norepinephrine
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What receptors do the parasympathetic post ganglion's contain?
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Muscarinic ACh
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The ratio of pre-to post-ganglionic fibers is __:___ for the sympathetic system?
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1:10
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The ratio of pre to post-ganglionic fibers is __:__ for the parasympathetic system
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1:3
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Autonomic fibers are not specialized so __________
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Neurotransmitter may diffuse for great distances before reaching their target
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In addition to nAch, what do the ganglionic terminals release
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Neuropeptides
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What are the noradrenergic receptors?
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Alpha 1, 2; Beta 1, 2, and 3
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What are the muscarinic receptors?
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M1, M2, M3
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The enteric division has greater __________ and mediates __________
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Autonomy, digestive reflexes
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Autonomic nervous system has both ____ and ______ fibers
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Motor and sensory
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What two things can you find in the ventral root
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LMN's and sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers
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Where are pre-ganglionic sympathetic cells are located where?
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Intermediolateral gray of T1 - L2
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Where is there no white rami communicantes?
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Sacral and cervical spine
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Grey communicantes can be found where?
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Everywhere
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What is the order of transmission in the sympathetic supply of body wall and limbs?
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White rami --> sympathetic chain --> gray rami --> spinal nerve --> dorsal/ventral rami
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What are the other names of the sympathetic chain ganglia?
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Sympathetic trunk, paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
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The ventral rami innervate __________
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Extremities and front (peripheral blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrectores pilorum)
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The dorsal rami innervation__________
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Back only (peripheral blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrectores pilorum)
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What is the order of transmission in the sympathetic supply to head and thoracic viscera?
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White rami --> sympathetic chain --> grey rami --> spinal nerve --> plexus or cranial nerves
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Lesion of the superior cervical ganglion results in what?
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Horner's syndrome (ptosis, meiosis, anhydrosis, and enophthalmos)
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What is enophthalmos?
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Sunken in eye
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What is anhydrosis?
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Lack of sweating
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What is meiosis?
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Pin point pupil
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What is the order of transmission of sympathetic supply to abdominal and pelvic viscera
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White rami --> sympathetic chain (no synapse) --> splanchnic nerves --> pre-vertebral ganglia
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What is the order of transmission in the sympathetic supply of body wall and limbs?
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White rami --> sympathetic chain --> gray rami --> spinal nerve --> dorsal/ventral rami
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What are the other names of the sympathetic chain ganglia?
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Sympathetic trunk, paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
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The ventral rami innervate __________
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Extremities and front (peripheral blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrectores pilorum)
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The dorsal rami innervation__________
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Back only (peripheral blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrectores pilorum)
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What is the order of transmission in the sympathetic supply to head and thoracic viscera?
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White rami --> sympathetic chain --> grey rami --> spinal nerve --> plexus or cranial nerves
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Lesion of the superior cervical ganglion results in what?
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Horner's syndrome (ptosis, meiosis, anhydrosis, and enophthalmos)
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What is enophthalmos?
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Sunken in eye
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What is anhydrosis?
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Lack of sweating
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What is meiosis?
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Pin point pupil
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What is the order of transmission of sympathetic supply to abdominal and pelvic viscera
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White rami --> sympathetic chain (no synapse) --> splanchnic nerves --> pre-vertebral ganglia
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What are innervate by the pre-vertebral ganglia?
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GI tract, pancreas, liver, kidney, bladder and genitalia
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hWhat are the 3 pre-vertebral ganglia?
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Coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric
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What are th3 4 splanchnic nerves?
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Greater, lesser, least, and lumbar
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What is in place for 'maximum' fight or flight?
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Some planchnic nerves bypass pre-vertebral and directly innervate adrenal medulla
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When the pre-vertebral ganglion is bypassed, what is innervated and released?
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Adrenal medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Where are pre-ganglionic parasympathetic cells found?
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Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and intermediolateral gray of S2 - 4
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What are the pre-ganglionic cells in the brainstem? What nerve is each associated with?
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Edinger Westphal (III), Superior Salivatory (VII), Inferior Salivatory (IX), Dorsal Motor (X)
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Edinger Westpal fibers synapse in the __________
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Ciliary ganglion
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Superior salivatory fibers synapse in the __________
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Pterygopalatine and submandibular
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Inferior salivatory fibers synapse in the __________
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Otic ganglion
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Dorsal motor nucleus fibers synapse in the __________
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Diffuse thoracic and abdominal
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Post-ganglionic fibers from the ciliary body innervate __________ and __________
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Sphincter papillae, ciliary muscles
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Post-ganglionic fibersf rom the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate what?
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Lacrimal gland, serous and mucous glands of the nasopharynx
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Post-ganglionic fibers from the submandibular ganglion innervate what?
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Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
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Post-ganglionic fibers from the otic ganglion innervate what?
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Parotid salivatory gland
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Post-ganglionic fibers from the diffuse ganglion innervate what?
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Heart, lungs, and digestive systems
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Via the __________, S2-$ intermediolateral column fibers innervate what?
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Pelvic splanchnic nerves, descending and sigmoid colon and pelvic viscera
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What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
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Control GI tract, pancreas and gallbladder
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Enteric sensory neurons respond to __________ and __________
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Gut wall tension, chemical change input
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Enteric sensory neurons innervate to __________, __________, and __________
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Smooth muscle, vasculature, and secretion of the gut
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What plexus' are associated with the ENS, which is highly __________
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Myenteric and submucosal, highly autonomous
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In the ANS sensory, the facial nerve conveys __________
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Visceral chemosensory info about taste
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In the ANS sensory, the glossopharyngeal conveys __________
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Info from head and neck viscera
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In the ANS sensory, the vagus conveys __________
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Info from thoracic and abdominal viscera
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The sensory info of the VII, IX and X nerves converge at the __________
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Solitary nucleus
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The solitary nucleus projects where, thus activating the limbic system?
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Hypothalamus --> thalamus, amygdala, and cingulated cortex
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Solitary nucleus projections to the __________ regulate breathing, BP, HR, etc.
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Reticular formation and periaqueductal gray
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Solitary nucleus exerts direct control of __________ by a set of __________
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Autonomic function, reflexes
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What are the 3 trigeminal segments and where is each one found?
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Opthalmic (superior orbital foramen), maxillary (foramen rotundum), mandibular (foramen ovale)
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Lesion to the trigeminal ganglion results in what?
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Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature, and touch from the face
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Lesion to the trigeminal nerve results in what?
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Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature, touch, temperature, proprioception and mastication
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Lesion to the nucleus of the spinal tract of V nerve?
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Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
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Lesion to the chief sensory nucleus?
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Ipsilateral loss of touch of the face
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Lesion to the trigeminal meniscus below mid pons?
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Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
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Lesion to trigeminal lemniscus above midpons?
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Contralateral loss of pain and temperature, touch and proprioception
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Lesion to the motor nucleus?
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Ipsilateral loss of mastication
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