Nycc Microbio Exam 1 Winter 2011

Front 1

Why is microbiology more relevant than ever in today's world?  

Back 1

Infectious diseases are a leading health related issue, elderly population is increasing. New infectious diseases continue to emerge and be identified.  

Front 2

What's the difference between infectious and contagious?  

Back 2

Infectious: Host is infected (microbe makes ill) Contagious: Can infect others  

Front 3

What parts of our daily lives are affected by microbiology and infectious disease?  

Back 3

1. air we breathe 2. food we eat 3. hospitals where get tx of illness and injury 4. natural disaster that can occur w/o warning  

Front 4

Why are diseases once thought to be controlled reappearing?  

Back 4

1. Increased resistance to antibiotics 2. New diseases emerging and organisms thought harmless have been discovered to cause disease in some circumstances 3. Bioterrorism is becoming a fact  

Front 5

What is a pathogen?  

Back 5

A microorganism that causes an infection  

Front 6

The potential of a pathogen to cause disease is referred to as its degree of ___________  

Back 6

virulence  

Front 7

Pathogens are characterized based on their degree of

Back 7

Virulence!

Front 8

Many bacteria and some fungi are part of _____________________ of the body.  

Back 8

normal microbial flora  

Front 9

Normal flora naturally colonize the _____ and _______  

Back 9

skin and mucosal surfaces (usually harmless)  

Front 10

Some members of normal flora provide products and services to the body. When these organisms become pathogenic they are termed _________________  

Back 10

Opportunistic pathogens (mild degree of virulence)  

Front 11

Highly virulent pathogens are always associated with __________  

Back 11

disease  (salmonella, chigella, rabies, ebola)

Front 12

Pathogens can be looked at from what 3 perspectives?  

Back 12

1. Epidemiology - study of disease trans.
2. Pathogenesis - process of disease
3. Host defenses - immune system

Front 13

Factors determining the frequency and distribution of disease

Back 13

def: Epidemiology 

Front 14

What are the 5 requirements of infection in epidemiology?  

Back 14

1. Entry (get in) 2. Establishment (stay in) 3. Defeat the host defenses 4. Damage the host 5. Be transmissible  

Front 15

What are 4 transmission mechanisms pathogens use?  

Back 15

1. Air (droplet transmission) 2. Food or water 3. Insect vectors 4. person-to-person contact  

Front 16

Pathogens can also be classified according to their __________  distribution, of which some are everywhere while others are restricted to certain areas.

Back 16

geographic

Front 17

Providing the best care for infected individuals and protection of others involves a clear understanding of __________  

Back 17

the 5 requirements for infection.  

Front 18

How does knowing how an organism gains entry and how it spreads vital to care for the infected?  

Back 18

Implementation of strategies to limit spread. Understanding the spread of the disease  

Front 19

What are 4 factors that can cause an epidemic?  

Back 19

1. poor socioeconomic conditions 2. ignorance of how infections occur 3. poor hygiene 4. natural disasters  

Front 20

Virulence factors give pathogens an edge - what 3 things do the virulence factors allow pathogens to do? 

Back 20

1. persist in the patient 2. cause disease 3. escape or defeat host defenses  

Front 21

What are 2 types of host defenses?  

Back 21

1. INNATE (Non-specific) : cellular and chemical factors
2. ADAPTIVE (Specific) lethal involving immune cell memory such, as B-cells

Front 22

What 2 things can bacterial pathogens do?  

Back 22

1. produce digestive enzymes
2. produce toxins  (which cannot be killed by heat)

Front 23

What kind of pathogens can kill the host cells?

Back 23

Viral

Front 24

Damage associated with an infection can be due to ___________  

Back 24

overactive host defenses.  

Front 25

coughing is a symptom of a ____________ infection  

Back 25

respiratory infection  

Front 26

What type of infection can diarrhea be associated with?  

Back 26

digestive infection  

Front 27

What type of infection can nervous system dysfunction be associated with?  

Back 27

central nervous system (headache, walking/speaking trouble)  

Front 28

Infection can be characterized by a struggle between what two giants? Which determines the outcome?

Back 28

pathogens vs. host defense  

Failure of the host defense = INFECTION!

Front 29

Infection depends on the success or failure of the ____________  

Back 29

host defense.  

Front 30

Failure of the host defense = ?  

Back 30

infection  

Front 31

The innate immune response includes? (3)  

Back 31

1. 1st line of defense 2. Nonspecific response 3. Variety of cellular and chemical factors  

Front 32

The adaptive immune response includes? (2)  

Back 32

1. Lethal and specific response 2. Immune system memory  

Front 33

What are 3 methods pathogens have developed to defeat host defenses?  

Back 33

1. Directly attack host defenses
2. Change their looks (form of camouflage)
3. Some hide (worms)  

Front 34

What are potent and successful tools to defeat infection?  

Back 34

Antibiotics
Disinfectants and antiseptics
Hygiene  

Front 35

What must antibiotics do since they are toxic chemicals?  

Back 35

Kill the disease-causing microorganisms but not harm the patient.  

Front 36

Treatments are easier for what type of infection?  

Back 36

bacterial  

Front 37

Why are few chemicals usable to defeat fungal infections?  

Back 37

fungal cells are very similar to human cells  

Front 38

Viruses are intracellular parasites so they must be attacked in what 2 ways?  

Back 38

1. Before entry into a host cell 2. Infected host cells must be killed to kill the virus  

Front 39

The best treatment of disease is ___________  

Back 39

prevention.  

Front 40

Prevention involves (2)  

Back 40

1. public health measures
2. immunization  

Front 41

Public health measures include (5)  

Back 41

1. Disinfection of water supplies 2. Monitoring of food supplies 3. Proper hygiene and sanitation 4. Proper waste removal and treatment 5. Insect and pest control  

Front 42

Immunization requires (5)  

Back 42

1. Understanding of immune mechanisms
2. Design vaccines that successfully stimulate protection
3. Public health control of the immunization of children
4. Design and development of new vaccines
5. Ability to ensure the safety of new vaccines  

Front 43

Some microbes are beneficial to humans in what 3 ways?  

Back 43

1. Recycle vital elements in soil
2. Convert elements in the environment into usable forms
3. Return carbon dioxide into the atmosphere  

Front 44

Microbes have been used for bioremediation since ____  

Back 44

1988.  

Front 45

Microbes for bioremediation and recycling can be used for (3)  

Back 45

1. Recycle waste water during sewage treatment
2. Clean up and decontaminate toxic waste including chemical and oil spills
3. Production of enzymes used in cleaning solutions  

Front 46

Bacteria are extensively used to control ____  

Back 46

pests.  

Front 47

Bacterial control of pests can be used in what 2 ways?  

Back 47

1. Applied as a part of crop dusting 2. Genes can be engineered into the plants themselves  

Front 48

How are bacteria and viruses used for new technologies? (2)  

Back 48

1. Bacteria for DRUGS
2. Viruses for GENE THERAPY

Front 49

Understanding the requirements necessary for infection is critical to understanding _________  

Back 49

treatment.  

Front 50

Pathogens use VIRULENCE factors as part of the infection process in what 2 ways?  

Back 50

1. They allow pathogens to survive and thrive in the host.
2. They make harmless organisms dangerous and make dangerous organisms deadly.  

Front 51

What is a portal of entry?  

Back 51

Any point at which pathogens can enter.  

Front 52

What are 3 categories of portals of entry?  

Back 52

1. Mucous membranes
2. Skin
3. Parenteral routes (i.e. insect bite, needle stick, road rash)  

Front 53

What kind of membrane is in direct contact with the external environment and is vulnerable to pathogens?

Back 53

MUCOUS membranes 

Front 54

Mucous membranes are found in what 3 areas of the body?  

Back 54

Respiratory -Genitourinary tract - Gastrointestinal tract

Front 55

What is the most favorable portal of entry to pathogens and why?  

Back 55

Respiratory tract b/c we have to breathe continuously and pathogens can be found on droplets of moisture and dust particles.  

Front 56

Name 5 pathogens that use the respiratory tract.  

Back 56

1. cold virus 2. bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia 3. mycobacterium tuberculosis 4. influenza virus 5. smallpox virus  

Front 57

What is the 2nd most favorable portal of entry to pathogens and why?  

Back 57

The GI tract b/c we have to eat and drink regularly. It is the entry point for many pathogens even though it has many barriers.  

Front 58

Name 6 pathogens that use the GI tract.  

Back 58

1. salmonella 2. shigella 3. escherichia (e. coli) 4. hepatitis virus 5. giardia (parasite, "beaver fever") 6. entamoeba (montezuma's revenge)  

Front 59

w'hat route is considered to be the portal of exit infectious route for pathogens?

Back 59

fecal-oral route

Front 60

What route of contamination is very important to the infection process?  

Back 60

fecal-oral route of contamination  

Front 61

What pathogen infects the stomach and duodenum and is a known risk factor for stomach and duodenal ulcers?  

Back 61

Helicobactor pylori  

Front 62

How does H. pylori survive the acidic environment of the stomach and where does it live?  

Back 62

It produces an alkaline halo(buffer) around itself and resides in the mucus that lines the stomach and duodenum.  

Front 63

UTIs are more common in ______  

Back 63

women.  

Front 64

Genitourinary tract infections cause major problems in what 2 settings?  

Back 64

hospital and clinical  

Front 65

Diseases of the reproductive tract are part of what portal of entry?  

Back 65

Genitourinary tract  

Front 66

Name 4 pathogens that use the genitourinary tract.  

Back 66

1. mycobacterium 2. chlamydia 3. herpes viruses 4. HIV  

Front 67

Many microorganisms reside on the ____ ,which must be broken to allow entry.  

Back 67

skin 

Front 68

This route refers to breaks in the skin, such as cuts/wounds, surgery, injections or insect bite:. ______________ route.
Insect transfer is referred to as __________ transmission.

Back 68

PARENTARAL ROUTE
vector transmission.  

Front 69

Pathogens use what to establish themselves in the cells or tissues?  

Back 69

structures like capsules (bulk) and fimbriae (bacteria velcro)  

Front 70

What types of adhesins can pathogens use to adhere to tissue?  

Back 70

glycolipids or glycoproteins  

Front 71

What is plaque?  

Back 71

A pellicle coats the tooth and bacteria adhere to it. 300 - 400 different types of bacteria will adhere to each other building a biofilm on the tooth.  

Front 72

Name a spirochete and what they do.  

Back 72

Treponema pallidum (causative agent of syphilis) corkscrew into tissues. 1 spirochete = infection  

Front 73

Infection in the host can be established very quickly by increasing the ________ of pathogens

Back 73

number

Front 74

Some pathogens can double their numbers in as short as __________  

Back 74

20 minutes  

Front 75

What to the initials ID and LD stand for?  

Back 75

Infectious Dose and Lethal Dose  

Front 76

ID50 = Infectious dose 50% which means...  

Back 76

the number of organisms required for 50% of the host population to show signs of infection  

Front 77

LD50 = Lethal dose 50% which means...  

Back 77

the number of organisms required to kill 50% of a host population  

Front 78

What form of reproduction is seen in most bacteria and how does it work?  

Back 78

Binary fission A. one cell divides into 2, then 2 divide to become 4 and so on exponenetially.

Front 79

Virally infected cells will ____ which releases what? How does this affect the host cells?  

Back 79

lyse; millions of viral particles each particle can infect a new cell and each newly infected cell will produce millions of viral particles.  

Front 80

2 types of HOST DEFENSE

Back 80

1. Passive defense: using built-in structures found on the pathogen cell
2. Active defense: attacking the host defenses  

Front 81

Name 2 types of passive defenses used by pathogens and how they work.  

Back 81

1. Capsules: encases bacteria making it bigger and inhibiting phagocytosis
2. Cell walls: increase adherence to host cells and inhibit phagocytosis  

Front 82

How do M proteins and Mycolic acid use cell walls as passive defense?  

Back 82

M proteins found in strep cell walls increase adherence to cell walls and inhibit phagocytosis. Mycolic acid is a waxy material found in mycobacterium species inhibit phagocytosis and entry of antibiotics  

Front 83

Active bacterial defenses involve the production of EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES which can: (2)  

Back 83

1. increase protection against host defenses
2. enable the spread of infection by attacking and killing host defensive cells  

Front 84

What do leukocidins do?  

Back 84

destroy WBCs  

Front 85

What do hemolysins do?  

Back 85

attack RBCs and WBCs  

Front 86

What does coagulase do?  

Back 86

causes formation of fibrin clots  

Front 87

What do hyaluronidase and collagenase do?  

Back 87

break down connective tissue and collagen  

Front 88

How do viruses and bacteria get inside a host cell to hide from the host defense?  

Back 88

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and easily enter host cells. Bacteria use host cell cytoskeleton (microtubules and microfilaments) to get in and move around the cell; they can also use cadherin to move into adjacent cells  

Front 89

Damage to the host can be divided into what 2 causes?  

Back 89

1. damage that occurs b/c PATHOGENS are PRESENT and ACTIVE
2. damage that occurs b/c of HOST DEFENSE mechanisms  

Front 90

What is direct and indirect damage to a host committed by a pathogen?  

Back 90

DIRECT: destruction of host cells or defenses is usually controlled by the host immune response
INDIRECT: systemic infection as a result of a toxin produced by the pathogen  

Front 91

Bacterial toxins are (3)  

Back 91

1. very poisonous 2. soluble in aqueous solutions (blood and lymph) 3. easily diffusible into blood and lymph which causes distal pathology  

Front 92

Bacterial toxins produce what symptoms?  

Back 92

Most importantly, they can produce FATAL outcomes.
fever, shock, diarrhea, cardiac and neurological trauma, destruction of blood vessels  

Front 93

Name the 2 types bacterial toxins  

Back 93

endotoxins
exotoxins  

Front 94

Exotoxins are (3):  

Back 94

-produced by and exported from certain pathogens and then enter host cells.
-they are among the most lethal substances known.
-usually enzymatic protein soluble in blood and lymph system.  

Front 95

How do EXOtoxins inhibit metabolic function once they diffuse into tissues?

Back 95

They are usually produced as Zymogens/Pro-enzymes.
PLASMIDS within the pathogen/bacterium are separate DNA molecule that replicate independently. They carry antibiotic resistance and allow horizontal gene transfer.

Front 96

Action of cytotoxins?  

Back 96

kill cells  

Front 97

Action of neurotoxins?  

Back 97

interfere with neurological signaling  

Front 98

Action of enterotoxins?  

Back 98

affect the lining of the digestive system  

Front 99

Anthrax is a _____-toxin produced by ______________, a gram-positive rod commonly found in pastures. Gram + means it stains dark blue or violet.

Back 99

cytotoxin; bacillus antracis

Front 100

Anthrax is made up of 3 parts that are produced and assembled how? It increases ______________ in host cells.  

Back 100

-produced separately within the pathogen
-assembled outside the anthrax organism cell wall
-INCREASES vascular permeability  

Front 101

Like anthrax, this is a cytotoxin. First produced as a zymogen (inactive) by _____________________. What is its effect in the host? How much is necessary?

Back 101

DIPTHERIA: corynebacterium diphtheriae (inactive); protein synthesis; single molecule

Front 102

BOTULINUM is a _____-toxin produced by _______________.
There are ___ forms of this toxin, all of which inhibit ________.
What kind of paralysis is caused by Botulinum?

Back 102

neurotoxin; clostridium botulinum
7; Ach; disrupts neurological signaling of skeletal muscle and causes flaccid paralysis  (think BOTOX paralysis of facial muscles)

Front 103

Tetanus toxin is a ___________ produced by _________.
It causes loss of ______________ which prevents and causes?  

Back 103

neurotoxin; clostridium tetani
skeletal muscle control; prevents muscle relaxation and causes opishotonos (SPASTIC paralysis). Lock jaw is an early symptom- use spatula test.

Front 104

VIBRIO is also known as ________. What system does it effect?
Produced by__________. Causes loss of __________ via lethal ___________and ____________.

Back 104

cholera toxin; entero(gut)toxin;
vibrio cholerae. electrolytes; potentially lethal diarrhea and vomiting  

Front 105

An Enterotoxin that causes shock.
Produced by?
Causes excessive and sudden loss of?
What kind of shock results?

Back 105

S.AUREUS:
staphylococcus aureus
electrolyte fluids;
hypotensive shock (arrhythmia)  

Front 106

Endotoxins are part of ___________cell walls, and are released upon the _______ of the host in the form of _______.  

Back 106

Gram-negative cell walls; death; lipid A  

Front 107

Most exotoxins are gram-________

Back 107

positive  ('exo's are outgoing, positive and extroverts)

Front 108

Symptoms from and endotoxin?  

Back 108

chills, fever, aches, muscle weakness, disseminated intravascular clotting  

Front 109

Viral host cell damage is referred to as a ____________  

Back 109

Cytopathogenic effect (CPE)  

Front 110

3 ways the cytopathogenic effect of viruses occurs?  

Back 110

1. from viral overload 2. from cytocidal effects (killing of host cells 3. from noncytocidal effects (damage caused by host defense)  

Front 111

Viral cytopathology can be seen _____________. What inclusions can be seen in rabies infections? The presence of giant cells or _________.

Back 111

microscopically
negri bodies
syncytia  

Front 112

final requirement of the 5 for a successful pathogen

Back 112

transmission!

Front 113

2 factors that affect the spread of infection  

Back 113

1. reservoirs of infectious organisms - places where pathogens can grow and accumulate. 2. mechanisms of transmission - the various ways in which pathogens move from place to place.  

Front 114

Name 3 potential reservoirs of pathogens  

Back 114

1. humans 2. other animals 3. nonliving reservoirs (water, air, surfaces)  

Front 115

Name 2 types of human reservoirs  

Back 115

1. sick people - symptoms may be visible or have yet to develop 2. carriers of infections - infectious but don't show symptoms  

Front 116

Diseases transferred from animals to humans are called ___________.  

Back 116

zoonotic diseases  

Front 117

Zoonotic diseases are usually transmitted through ______________ with humans. They can also be indirectly transmitted by _______.  

Back 117

direct contact with humans vectors (mosquitoes, sand flies, etc.)  

Front 118

Nonliving reservoirs of infection include (3)  

Back 118

water, food, soil (water most dangerous)  

Front 119

Infections of nonliving reservoirs are seen in countries with (2)  

Back 119

poor sanitation and low levels of personal hygiene  

Front 120

Name 4 diseases transmitted through direct contact  

Back 120

1. smallpox
2. staphylococcal infections
3. mononuclosis
4. sexually transmitted diseases  

Front 121

Indirect contact transmission takes place through what nonliving articles?  

Back 121

tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, bedding, contaminated needles  

Front 122

Nonliving intermediates that act as the agents of transmission by indirect contact are referred to as _______.  

Back 122

fomites - any surface capable of spreading disease  

Front 123

Droplet transmission is seen in the transfer of what type of disease?  

Back 123

respiratory (influenze, whooping cough)  

Front 124

Droplet transmission can occur how?  

Back 124

sneezing, coughing, laughing  

Front 125

Regions with poor sanitation practices can have high levels of ________ contamination in the water.  

Back 125

fecal  

Front 126

Soil pathogens can only enter the body how?  

Back 126

break in the skin  

Front 127

What are 3 mechanisms of pathogen transmission?  

Back 127

Contact Vehicle Vector  

Front 128

Name 3 types of contact transmission  

Back 128

Direct Indirect Droplet  

Front 129

The _________ the droplet the more dangerous it is as an agent of disease.  

Back 129

smaller (airborne longer)  

Front 130

Name 7 vehicle transmitters  

Back 130

air food water blood bodily fluids drugs IV fluids  

Front 131

What sort of things use air as a vehicle?  

Back 131

dust - can contain lots of pathogens microbial and fungal spores can use air to travel from host to host  

Front 132

Name some arthropods that transmit via vector transmission.  

Back 132

fleas, ticks, flies, lice, mosquitoes  

Front 133

name and define 2 types of vector transmission.  

Back 133

Mechanical vector transmission: pathogens on vector's body parts and passively brushed off onto host Biological transmission: pathogens are within the vector and transmission to the host is through a bite  

Front 134

Name 6 factors that affect disease transmission  

Back 134

age, gender, lifestyle, occupation, emotional state, climate  

Front 135

Name the 3 common portals of exit:
Name the 5 other possibles: 

Back 135

saliva, sputum, respiratory droplets

blood, vaginal secretions, semen, urine, feces

Front 136

What is immunocompetence?  

Back 136

The host's ability to mount a defense to a pathogen.  

Front 137

What does it mean to be compromised?  

Back 137

infected -> infectious  

Front 138

What situations can weaken immune defenses of a host? (5)  

Back 138

lifestyle, occupation, trauma, travel, aging  

Front 139

What groups of people are immunocompromised? (7)  

Back 139

People with AIDs and genetic immunodeficiency diseases People undergoing chemo and taking broad spectrum antibiotics Surgical, transplant and burn victims Premature, newborn infants Health care workers The elderly Patients on artificial ventilators  

Front 140

Define neutropenia  

Back 140

lower-than-normal numbers of neutrophils in the blood.  

Front 141

What is the most common cause of profound neutropenia and what types of infections are seen with it?  

Back 141

cytotoxic chemotherapy bacterial and fungal  

Front 142

How soon can one expect to see a bacterial or fungal infection when neutropenia is present?  

Back 142

Bacterial infections can be seen as soon as neutrophil levels start to drop. Fungal infections are usually seen after neutrophil levels have been low for a long amount of time.  

Front 143

To reduce infection in patients who have had organ-transplants the drugs required are __________ but these drugs can cause _________ (2)  

Back 143

broad spectrum antibiotics; antibiotic resistance and super infections  

Front 144

Burn victims are at risk of infections because? What infection is a particular problem in burn victims?  

Back 144

loss of large areas of the primary physical barrier to infection (skin); pseudomonas  

Front 145

What is a nosocomial infection?  

Back 145

Any infection acquired in the hospital or institutionalized care that isn't primary care.  

Front 146

Nosocomial infections are usually associated with or following? (2)  

Back 146

-catheterization
-invasive tests and surgery  

Front 147

The most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections are what? (4)  

Back 147

1. Escherichia coli
2. Enterococcus species
3. Staphylococcus aureus
4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa  
"the ESP'S"

Front 148

severe systemic inflammatory response and is one example of a pathologic condition associated with "cytokine storm". Often lethal hemodynamic collapse which is usually the result of a super infection by gram-negative bacterial endotoxins

Back 148

sepsis

*gram (-) bacterial ENDOtoxin

Front 149

* coined in 1982 by Stanley B. Prusiner, is a portmanteau derived from the words protein and infection.[

Back 149

Prion - a badly folded protein that contains no nucleotides

Front 150

responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in a variety of mammals, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "mad cow disease") in cattle and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.

Back 150

PRION - All known prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue and all are currently untreatable and universally fatal.

Front 151

arthropod-borne viruses

Back 151

arboviruses

(transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes)

Front 152

While transcription was classically thought to only occur from DNA to RNA, reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into DNA. Refers to this reversal (making DNA from RNA) of the central dogma of molecular biology.

Back 152

"RETRO"virus

Front 153

refers to a substance that causes red blood cells to agglutinate

Back 153

Hemagglutinin

Front 154

can be used to identify RBC surface antigens (with known antibodies) or to screen for antibodies (with RBCs with known surface antigens).

Back 154

Hemagglutinin

*Influenza type A RNA-virus glycoprotein, with neuraminidase

Front 155

exists as a mushroom-shape projection on the surface of the influenza virus. Becomes more attractive anti-influenza drug target than the haemagglutinin.

Back 155

Neuraminidase

Front 156

Unusually for a virus, the influenza A genome is not a single piece of nucleic acid; instead, it contains ___ pieces of segmented negative-sense RNA which encode 11 proteins.

Back 156

8
The best-characterised of these viral proteins are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two large glycoproteins found on the outside of the viral particles.

Front 157

enzyme involved in the release of progeny virus from infected cells, by cleaving sugars that bind the mature viral particles. Influenza type A glycoprotein

Back 157

Neuraminidase

Front 158

a lectin that mediates binding of the virus to target cells and entry of the viral genome into the target cell.
Influenza type A glycoprotein

Back 158

Hemagglutinin

Front 159

Influenza A

Back 159

can be easily transmitted to pigs, using them as incubators. Most deadly form of influenza - immune to amatadine and rimantadine

Front 160

Prions are NOT infections microorganisms. What are they?

Back 160

Infectious, malfolded proteins that entrain other properly folded to malfold into the diseased prion form
TSE's

Front 161

TSE

Back 161

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

*ie mad cow and CJD

Front 162

Why can't animals who don't exhibit a normally folded prion transfer the diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

Back 162

Because the prion needs correctly folded form of the prion protein in order to affect folding. No prion protein present, no infection allowed.

Front 163

Why is the dangerously malfolded prion designated PrPsc?

Back 163

sc - stands for Scrapie, the sheep disease first linked to prion diseases (sheep scraping their skin and muscle off but not feeling it)

Front 164

how do you pronounce Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

Back 164

KROITS-felt YA-kob

*say it wrong, look like a dumbass

Front 165

It is the most common among the types of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in humans.

Back 165

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Front 166

Why is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (mad cow) missed in teenagers?

Back 166

Because the symptoms of giant mood swings, slurred speech, lack of coordination are typical teen behaviors. The paralysis and death at the end is a surprise!

Front 167

which TSE is newer and acquired in humans by ingestion only?

Back 167

Variant CJD (Creutzfelt-Jakob)

Front 168

More than 30 new diseases have been identified in the past 30 years, name 4.  

Back 168

Legionnaire's disease AIDS Hepatitis Nipah virus infection  

Front 169

4 more new diseases  

Back 169

Hemorrhagic fevers SARS Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (mad cow) Avian flu  

Front 170

What are 2 of the biggest re-emerging diseases after being dormant?  

Back 170

TB Cholera  

Front 171

What are some reasons why infectious diseases are re-emerging?  

Back 171

Antibiotic resistance Falling living standards, infrastructure decline in some countries  

Front 172

Define emerging infectious diseases.  

Back 172

Those whose incidence has increased over the past 30 years. Some diseases never seen before and some documented before with unknown etiology.  

Front 173

What are some ongoing causes of emerging infectious diseases?  

Back 173

Global urbanization Increase in population density Poverty Social upheaval Travel Long distance trade Technology development Land clearance Climate change  

Front 174

What are 2 diseases encountered as a result of humans encroaching on uncultivated environments?  

Back 174

Hanta virus Dengue fever  

Front 175

What has caused the emergence of infections from farm animals to humans and what are 3 of these infections?  

Back 175

Population growth has increased pressure to produce more meat. Salmonella species Mad cow disease E. coli  

Front 176

In what 2 ways does changing human behavior patterns and changing ecology contribute to emergence of infectious disease?  

Back 176

Increased opportunity for animal-to-human transfer b/c greater exposure Increased opportunity for transmission from human to human  

Front 177

What occurs with re-assortment?  

Back 177

Genetic changes in pathogens; e.g. avian influenza  

Front 178

What must a pathogen do to replicate successfully in a human host? (2)  

Back 178

1. Must adapt in such a way that it can replicate in human cells 2. Must be able to configure itself so that it can be easily transmitted from one human to another.  

Front 179

When did SARS become readily transmissible? Where was the first documented case and how is it transmitted?  

Back 179

1990s Mainland China droplet aerosol and fomites on respiratory mucosal epithelium  

Front 180

Where does SARS infect and what are some symptoms?  

Back 180

Lower respiratory tract fever, malaise, and lymphopenia of T cells  

Front 181

What causes West Nile Virus, how is it transmitted, what is it a member of and who are the primary hosts?  

Back 181

Arbovirus Saliva of mosquitoes transmitted through bites Japanese encephalitis group Birds, spread from bird to bird by mosquitoes  

Front 182

What causes a person with West Nile Virus to become symptomatic and what are some of those symptoms?  

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If the infection causes an invasive neurological disease called West Nile Fever fever, headache, myalgia and anorexia. can cause profound fatigue, myocarditis, pancreatitis, and hepatitis  

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What diseases are classified as VHF's? Which are fatal and what type of virus are they?  

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Ebola, Marburg, and Yellow fever Ebola and Marburg fatal Single-stranded enveloped RNA viruses  

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VHF's transmitted how and what are some symptoms?  

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Arthropod and rodent vectors and all can be transmitted between humans fever, bleeding and circulatory shock  

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What is the causative agent for tuberculosis?  

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis  

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What are possible causes for the increase in incidence of TB?  

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HIV/AIDS Increased poverty, IV drug abuse, homelessness Increased immigration of those infected Increased elderly population Failure of patients to complete antibiotic treatments  

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RNA INFLUENZA

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Contains 8 seperate segments of nucleic acid
HIGH MUTATION rates that change characteristics 2 surface glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminicase) that occur in several subtypes  

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Why is avian flu potentially the most devastating re-emerging disease in the world?  

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Can be transmitted from animal to humans Mutates rapidly Capable of spreading at an alarming rate More deadly than any other influenza Could be 10x more dangerous than Spanish flu Possible 50% mortality rate Resistant to amantadine and rimantadine  

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What are prions and diseases of them are called?  

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Infectious proteins Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies  

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Prions are abnormally folded PrP^sc. Where do they aggregate and what can they do there?  

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Fibrous structures of the brain (plaque) Disrupt cell membrane -> cell death Convert normal prions to abnormal prions (proteins folding incorrectly)  

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Why are prions practically indestructible?  

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Can withstand cooking Can withstand autoclaving Resistant to strong alkali tx Resistant to disinfectants Can survive in soil for years  

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What do prions produce and what is it?  

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Transmissible spongiform encephalitis (TSE) Neurodegenerative disease Can affect cattle and humans Not test for it in the living No tx and no cure  

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Symptoms of TSE?  

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Lack of coordination Staggering Slurred speech Dramatic mood swings Paralysis Death w/in 1 year of symptom onset  

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Mad cow disease (TSE) infection has been attributed to what?  

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Sheep brain supplement in cattle feed.  

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What are some biological characteristics of TSE?  

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Long incubation time Plaque deposits in the brain No antibody response No inflammatory response since self folds incorrectly  

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5 forms of TSE seen in humans?  

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*1. Kuru (cannibalism) 2. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) *3. Variant CJD 4. Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) 5. Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) (1 and 3 starred for importance)