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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is territoriality?
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Has been used for years in the study of animal and bird behvaior
generally, it means behavior characterised by identification with a geographic area in a way that indicates ownership and defense of a territory against percieved "inavadoes" |
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What are three types of territories?
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(1) primary
(2) secondary (3) public |
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what is primary territory?
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clearly the exclusive domain of the owner
central to the daily functions of an owner |
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what is an example of primary territory?
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homes and bedrooms
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what are some possessional territories?
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jackets, purses, dependent children
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what are secondary territories?
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not as central to the daily life of the owner, nor are they perceived as cleary exclusive to the owner
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What are public territories?
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available to almost anyone for tempory ownership, for sacmple, parks, beaches, streets, seats, telephone booths, a place in line, or an unobstructed line of vision to see a particular object of instrest
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People who are isolated show a general increase in _____________ and a general pattern of ________.
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territorial behvaior
social withdrawl |
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What are the three types of territorial encroachment?
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violation
invasion contamination |
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what is violation?
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involved the unwarranted use of another's territory.
may be done with eyes (staring) voice (talking too loudly) body (taking up subway seats) |
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what is invasion?
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is all encompassing and permane.
armed invasion into country wife turning husbands den into computer room |
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what is contamination?
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defiling another's territory
messy hotel rooms dog feces in our front yards food on our silverware |
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what factors do encroachments depend on?
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who violated?
why did they violate? what type of territory? how was the violation accomplished? how long did it last/ do we expect further encroachments? where did the violation occur? |
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what are the two types of territorial defense?
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prevention
reaction |
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what is preention?
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is a means of staking out our territory so other recognize it as ours and go elsewhere
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what is a territorial marker?
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something that is used, such as purse or object, to designate something as your space
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males feel more stressed about adjacent approaches, while women feel more stressed about frontal approaches
true or false |
false
opposite men hate frontal women hate adjacent |
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what is positon?
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refers to location in a room
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what is a posture?
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refers t such indicators as wheter a person has materials spread out "like he or she owns the place"or whether they are tightly organized
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what is a gesture?
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can be used to indcate receptivity or rejction of communication, for example, hostile glances, turning ot leaving away, blocking with hadns or arms, and so on.
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did students flee more quickly when a group of highly dressed individuals came in
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yes
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due to the business man herd study, what can we conclude about territory?
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not only do we not want people to violate our territory, we do not want to violate others territory
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With enough food and no danger of preadators, norway rats __________ their population at about 150
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stablized
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what did Calhourn name his study?
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the behaviorlal sink
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Some rats _________ from social and sexual intercourse completely; others began to
_________ anything in sight; _____________ patterns were totally disrupted, and ___________ were frequently persued by many males. |
withdrew
mount courtship females |
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Nest building patterns, became _________.
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sloppy or nonexistant
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___________ of young rats became mixed; newborn and young rats were ___________ or _________ by hyperactive young males.
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litters
stepped on eaten |
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Unable to establish _______________, dominant males fought over postions near ___________; classes of rats shared territoies and exhibited ____________' the _____________ violated all territorial rights by running around in packs and disregarding any boundaries except those backed by force.
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spatial boundaries
feeding bins similar behaviors hyperactive males |
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____________ frequently had miscarriages; disorders with _________ were numerous, ______ of 558 newborns in the sink survived to be weaned.
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pregnant
sex organs 1/4 |
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__________ increased siginficanylu.
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aggressive behvaior
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in monkeys which was more prominent in crowding behvaiors: agressive or coping?
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coping
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what type of coping activities increased in crowded areas for monkeys?
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mutual grooming
rapid reconcilation after a fight the use of a specfic spatial expression to indicate the desire to avioid trouble |
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Calhourn's work is influenial in our understanding of crowding behvaior among humans.
t or f |
false
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what is density?
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refers to the number of people per unit of space
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what is crowding?
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refers to a feeling state that may develop high or low density situation
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what are some factors that may lead to us feeling crowded?
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environmental factors
personal factors social factors goal related factors |
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what are environmental factors?
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such as reduced space; unwatned noise, the lack of needed resources or the ability to obtain them; and the absense of territroial markers such as screens or prtitions
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what are personal factors?
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such as gender (males tend to feel more density acultely than feamleS) personality characteristics sch as reflecting low self esstem, dominance or control;
a low desire for social contact prior unpleasant experieences with high desnity |
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what are social factors?
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such as a frequent of unwanted social contact from people at close quatrers
inescapable interactions with people from an unfamiliar group unpleaste interaction |
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what are goal related factors?
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such as the unability to accomplish what is desired
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Is high density always necessarily a bad thing?
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no
people like football games high density neighborhoods tend to have less suicide attempts and physical health problems |
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what are some methods of coping in highly dense cities?
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(1) having short converstaions wtih people
(2) ignoring the drunk and not talking to people seen on the commuter train everyday (3) shifting responsibility of others (ie not expecting change from bus driver) (4) blocking inputers, for example, using attendands to guard apartment buildings |
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By the time children reach _________ they understand that conversational distance has meaning.
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third grade
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what is informal space?
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things such as interpersonal space
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what is interpersonal space?
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the sharing of space between two territorial areas
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what are four categories of informal space?
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(1) intimate
(2) casual-personal (3) social consultative |
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what is intimate?
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distances range from actual phsyical contact to about 18 inches
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what is casual personal?
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extends from 1.5 feet to 4 feets
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what is social consultative?
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ranged from 4 to 12 feet
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what is public distance?
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covers the area from 12 feet to the limits of visibility or hearing
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what are the six best substantiated findings about personal space?
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sex
age cultural ethncity topic or subject matter setting physical characteristic attindinal and emotional oreintation characterisitics of interpersonal relastionship personality characteristics |
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In settings, females choose to interact with others more closely.
true or false |
ture
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in interactions, who are more close in proximity: men or woman.
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women, especially in anglo-american samples
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what are some common things that people do to baby boys and girls
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baby boys frequently get put on the ground
girls are frequently hugged and put into high chairs |
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Children at 10 were punished for invading personal space, while children at age five were not.
true or not? |
true
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does cultural background affect the amount of space that might be between people
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yes
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what are some examples of noncontact groups?
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asians
indians pakastanis americans |
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what are some example of topic and subject matter in regard to proxemics?
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students who were praised sat closer
students who were not sat further away |
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People who are fat and short have farther conversational distances
true or false |
true
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People who stand further away are going to be liked more.
true or false |
false
they will be liked less |
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how close is a comfortable distance for a husband in a satisfying marriage?
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close
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what is small group ecology?
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seating behavior and spaial arrangements in small groups
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the person at the head of the table is usually concieved as the leader
true or false |
true
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if people are put into a power central positon, will they act like leaders?
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yes
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People at the ends of tables are usually frequent talkers.
true or false |
true
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Postions 2 and 4 at a table are usually considered the dominant more participating members of conversation.
true or false |
false
members 1, 3, and 5 usually are |
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seats 1 and 5 usually attract what type of person?
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a task oriented leader
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seat 3 usually attracts what type of person?
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socioemotional leader
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what were the four tasks in which the table studies did?
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conversation
cooperation coaction competition |
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how do intimate friends sit at a bar?
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side by side
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do sex and aquaintance have an affect on someone's seating preference?
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yes
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