Nutritional Disorders

Front 1

Describe malnutrition in affluent countries.

Back 1

Found in children living below the poverty level, the elderly, alcoholics, persons on fad diets and with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, and patients with severe wasting diseases.

Front 2

What is marasmus?

Back 2

1) Caused by widespread deficiency of almost all nutrients, notably protein and calories.
2) Often coexists with vitamin deficiencies.
3) Typically occurs in children younger than 1 year of age who are deprived of breast-feeding and do not have an adequate intake of substitute nutrients.
4) Clinically characterized by retarded growth and loss of muscle and other protien-containing tissue, as well as subcutaneous fat (wasting away).

Front 3

What is kwashiorkor?

Back 3

1) Caused by protein deficiency but with adequate caloric intake.
2) Usually affects children older than 1 year of age who are no longer breast-fed and receive a starch-rich, protein-poor diet.
3) Clinically characterized by retarded growth adn muscle wasting, caused by inadequate protein intake, but with preservatoinof subcutaneous fat.

Front 4

How is kwashiorkor distinguished from marasmus?

Back 4

1) Fatty liver
2) Severe edema due to protein deficiency and decreased oncotic pressure
3) Anemia
4) Malabsorption due to atrophy of the smal intestinal villi.
5) Depigmented bands with pale streaking in the hair or skin.

Front 5

Describe water-soluble vitamins.

Back 5

1) Include the B complex vitamins, folic acid, and vitamin C.
2) Are not stored in teh body; thus, regular intake is essential except for vitamin B12 which is stored in teh liver in quantities sufficiently large so that deprivation for months or years is necessary for a deficiency to develop
3) Rarely caused toxicity from excessive intake because excess vitamin is excreted in the urine.

Front 6

What's B1's other name?

Back 6

Thiamine

Front 7

What's B2's other name?

Back 7

Riboflavin

Front 8

What's B3's other name?

Back 8

Niacin

Front 9

What's B6's other name?

Back 9

Pyridoxine

Front 10

What is B12's other name?

Back 10

Cobalamin

Front 11

What does Thiamine do?

Back 11

Coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate pays a key role in carbohydrate and amino acid intermediary metabolism.

Front 12

What does Riboflavin do?

Back 12

Component of FAD and FMN and is essential in a variety of oxidation-reduction processes.

Front 13

What does Niacin do?

Back 13

Component of NAD adn NADP, essential to glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and to a variety of oxidations (can be synthesized form tryptophan); deficiency requires diet lacking both niacin and tryptophan

Front 14

What does pyridoxine do?

Back 14

Required for transamination, porphyrin synthesis, synthesis of niacin form tryptophan.

Front 15

What does cobalamin do?

Back 15

1-Carbon transfers required for folate synthesis and activation of FH4; N5,10-methylene FH4 is required for conversion of dUMP to dTMP in DNA synthesis.

Front 16

What does folic acid do?

Back 16

1-Carbon transfers in a number of metabolic reactions; N5, 10 methylene FH4 required for DNA synthesis.

Front 17

What does vitamin C do?

Back 17

Required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine, which are essential for collagen synthesis; hydroxylation of dopamine in synthesis of norepinephrine; enhances maintenance of reduced state of other metabolically active agents, such as iron and FH4.

Front 18

What are the clinical manifestations of deficiency of thiamine?

Back 18

Wet beriberi;
Dry beriberi;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Front 19

What are the clinical manifestations of deficiency of Riboflavin?

Back 19

Cheilosis;
Corneal vascuarization
Glossitis
Dermatitis

Front 20

What is the clinical manifestations of Niacin deficiency?

Back 20

Pellagra

Front 21

What are the clinical manifestations of Cobalamine deficiency?

Back 21

Megaloblastic anemia
Neurologic dysfunction

Front 22

What are the clinical manifestations of Folic acid deficiency?

Back 22

Megaloblastic anemia

Front 23

What are the clinical manifestations of ascorbic acid?

Back 23

Scurvy; Defective formation of mesenchymal tissue and osteoid matrix
Defective wound healing; hemorrhagic phenomena.

Front 24

What are the dietary sources of B complex vitamins (except B12)?

Back 24

Whole grain cereas
Green leafy veggies
Fish
Meat
Dairy

Front 25

What are the dietary sources of B12?

Back 25

Foods of animal origin only

Front 26

What are the dietary sources of folic acid?

Back 26

Leafy vegetables
Cereals
Fruits
Animal products

Front 27

What are the dietary sources of vitamin C?

Back 27

Fruits; especially citrus and tomatoes
Vegetables
Various meats
Milk

Front 28

What is dry beriberi?

Back 28

Characterized by peripheral neuropathy with resultant atrophy of teh muscles of the extremities.

Front 29

What is wet beriberi?

Back 29

1) Marked by high-output cardiac failure, often with dilated cardiomyopathy.
2) Results from peripheral dilation of arterioles adn capillaries, leding to increaesd arteriovenous shunting, hypervolemia, and cardiac dilation.

Front 30

What si Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Back 30

1) Most often occurs in a setting of thiamine deficiency and alcoholism.
2) Manifest by degenerative changes in the brain stem and diencephalon, with hmorrhagic lesions of cortical and bilateral paramedian masses of gray matter and the mamillary bodies.
3) Characterized by confusion, ataaxia, aand ophthalmoplegia as well as memory loss and confabulation.

Front 31

What is pellagra?

Back 31

Dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhea.
Dermatitis affects exposed areas, such as the face and neck adn the dorsa of the hands and feet.

Front 32

What are the functions of vitamin A?

Back 32

Precursor in rhodopsin synthesis; important in glycoprotein synthesis; regulator of epithelial differentiation.

Front 33

What are the functions of vitamin D?

Back 33

Active form promotes intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption adn stimulates parathyroid hormone - mediated renal tubular reabsorption of calcium; thus maintains physiologic concentration fo serum calcium; enhances calcification of bone

Front 34

What are the functions of vitamin E?

Back 34

Antioxidant; maintenance of cell membranes, probably by modulation of lipid peroxidation

Front 35

What are the functions of vitamin K?

Back 35

Glutamyl carboxylation required for synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues of active serine proteases (clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X)

Front 36

What are the deficiencies of vitamin A?

Back 36

Night blindness; squamous metaplasia in many tissues, most importantly in eyes, where blindness may result.

Front 37

What are the deficiencies of vitamin D?

Back 37

Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults

Front 38

What are the deficiencies of vitamin E?

Back 38

Possible neurologic dysfunction

Front 39

what are the deficiencies of vitamin K?

Back 39

Hemorrhagic diatheses such as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

Front 40

What can cause vitamin D deficiency?

Back 40

1) Malnutrition
2) Intestinal malabsorption
3) Inadequate exposure to sunlight
4) Liver disease
5) Renal disease
6) hereditary renal hydroxylase deficieny

Front 41

What is hypervitaminosis D?

Back 41

1) Manifest in children by growth retardatoin
2) Manifest in adults by hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and renal calculi

Front 42

What is hypervitaminosis A?

Back 42

1) Most often caused by excessive intake of vitamin A preparations.
2) Manifest by alopecia, hepatocellular damage, and bone changes.

Front 43

What's the pathology of obesity?

Back 43

1) Associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gallstones, and osteoarthritis.
2) When central in distribution, may be associated with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease.
3) May, as suggested by animal studies, be partly related to secretion of leptin, an antiobesity hormone produced by adipocytes, and neuropeptide Y, a pro-obesity polypeptide secreted by the ypothalamus in response to leptin deficiency.