Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe malnutrition in affluent countries. |
Found in children living below the poverty level, the elderly, alcoholics, persons on fad diets and with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, and patients with severe wasting diseases. |
|
What is marasmus?
|
1) Caused by widespread deficiency of almost all nutrients, notably protein and calories. |
|
What is kwashiorkor?
|
1) Caused by protein deficiency but with adequate caloric intake. |
|
How is kwashiorkor distinguished from marasmus?
|
1) Fatty liver |
|
Describe water-soluble vitamins.
|
1) Include the B complex vitamins, folic acid, and vitamin C.
2) Are not stored in teh body; thus, regular intake is essential except for vitamin B12 which is stored in teh liver in quantities sufficiently large so that deprivation for months or years is necessary for a deficiency to develop 3) Rarely caused toxicity from excessive intake because excess vitamin is excreted in the urine. |
|
What's B1's other name?
|
Thiamine
|
|
What's B2's other name?
|
Riboflavin
|
|
What's B3's other name?
|
Niacin
|
|
What's B6's other name?
|
Pyridoxine
|
|
What is B12's other name?
|
Cobalamin
|
|
What does Thiamine do?
|
Coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate pays a key role in carbohydrate and amino acid intermediary metabolism.
|
|
What does Riboflavin do?
|
Component of FAD and FMN and is essential in a variety of oxidation-reduction processes.
|
|
What does Niacin do?
|
Component of NAD adn NADP, essential to glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and to a variety of oxidations (can be synthesized form tryptophan); deficiency requires diet lacking both niacin and tryptophan
|
|
What does pyridoxine do?
|
Required for transamination, porphyrin synthesis, synthesis of niacin form tryptophan.
|
|
What does cobalamin do?
|
1-Carbon transfers required for folate synthesis and activation of FH4; N5,10-methylene FH4 is required for conversion of dUMP to dTMP in DNA synthesis.
|
|
What does folic acid do?
|
1-Carbon transfers in a number of metabolic reactions; N5, 10 methylene FH4 required for DNA synthesis.
|
|
What does vitamin C do?
|
Required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine, which are essential for collagen synthesis; hydroxylation of dopamine in synthesis of norepinephrine; enhances maintenance of reduced state of other metabolically active agents, such as iron and FH4.
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of deficiency of thiamine?
|
Wet beriberi;
Dry beriberi; Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
|
What are the clinical manifestations of deficiency of Riboflavin?
|
Cheilosis;
Corneal vascuarization Glossitis Dermatitis |
|
What is the clinical manifestations of Niacin deficiency?
|
Pellagra
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Cobalamine deficiency?
|
Megaloblastic anemia
Neurologic dysfunction |
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Folic acid deficiency?
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of ascorbic acid?
|
Scurvy; Defective formation of mesenchymal tissue and osteoid matrix
Defective wound healing; hemorrhagic phenomena. |
|
What are the dietary sources of B complex vitamins (except B12)?
|
Whole grain cereas
Green leafy veggies Fish Meat Dairy |
|
What are the dietary sources of B12?
|
Foods of animal origin only
|
|
What are the dietary sources of folic acid?
|
Leafy vegetables
Cereals Fruits Animal products |
|
What are the dietary sources of vitamin C?
|
Fruits; especially citrus and tomatoes
Vegetables Various meats Milk |
|
What is dry beriberi?
|
Characterized by peripheral neuropathy with resultant atrophy of teh muscles of the extremities.
|
|
What is wet beriberi?
|
1) Marked by high-output cardiac failure, often with dilated cardiomyopathy.
2) Results from peripheral dilation of arterioles adn capillaries, leding to increaesd arteriovenous shunting, hypervolemia, and cardiac dilation. |
|
What si Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
|
1) Most often occurs in a setting of thiamine deficiency and alcoholism. |
|
What is pellagra?
|
Dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhea.
Dermatitis affects exposed areas, such as the face and neck adn the dorsa of the hands and feet. |
|
What are the functions of vitamin A?
|
Precursor in rhodopsin synthesis; important in glycoprotein synthesis; regulator of epithelial differentiation.
|
|
What are the functions of vitamin D?
|
Active form promotes intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption adn stimulates parathyroid hormone - mediated renal tubular reabsorption of calcium; thus maintains physiologic concentration fo serum calcium; enhances calcification of bone
|
|
What are the functions of vitamin E?
|
Antioxidant; maintenance of cell membranes, probably by modulation of lipid peroxidation
|
|
What are the functions of vitamin K?
|
Glutamyl carboxylation required for synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues of active serine proteases (clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X)
|
|
What are the deficiencies of vitamin A?
|
Night blindness; squamous metaplasia in many tissues, most importantly in eyes, where blindness may result.
|
|
What are the deficiencies of vitamin D?
|
Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults |
|
What are the deficiencies of vitamin E?
|
Possible neurologic dysfunction
|
|
what are the deficiencies of vitamin K?
|
Hemorrhagic diatheses such as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
|
|
What can cause vitamin D deficiency?
|
1) Malnutrition
2) Intestinal malabsorption 3) Inadequate exposure to sunlight 4) Liver disease 5) Renal disease 6) hereditary renal hydroxylase deficieny |
|
What is hypervitaminosis D?
|
1) Manifest in children by growth retardatoin |
|
What is hypervitaminosis A?
|
1) Most often caused by excessive intake of vitamin A preparations.
2) Manifest by alopecia, hepatocellular damage, and bone changes. |
|
What's the pathology of obesity? |
1) Associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gallstones, and osteoarthritis. |