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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify the parts of an amino acid.
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Amino group
Carboxyl group Side chain |
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Which part of an amino acid is toxic to the body?
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Amino group- nitrogen
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How is protein quality determined?
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Amount and type of amino acid and absorption.
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What is the quality level of animal and plant proteins?
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Animal proteins are complete & higher quality.
Plant are incomplete & missing one or more essential AA's. |
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What are the 5 functions of polypeptides?
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Enzymes, hormones, structural proteins, transport proteins, immune system
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Which type of amino acids are absorbed more quickly?
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Essential
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Are exogenous proteins treated different by the body versus endogenous proteins?
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No, body treats them the same.
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Once amino acids have reached the liver what are their possible fates?
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Liver retains 20%, circulate in the plasma, go to the skeletal muscle
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What is the free amino acid pool? Where does it come from?
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Free AA's in blood or fluid near cells. Source- food & tissue breakdown.
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What are deamination and transamination?
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Deamination- removal of an amino group.
Transamination- transfer of an amino group. |
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What is the purpose of deamination & transamination?
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Deamination- alpha-keto acid formed, carbon skeletal oxidation for energy, nitrogen excreted.
Transamination- process to form dispensible AA in liver. |
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What factors influence skeletal muscle anabolism & in what way?
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Genetics, resistance exercise - largest stimulant for muscle growth, nutrition- protein & energy intake, hormones- insulin.
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What is the point of AA catabolism?
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Endurance exercise energy -> ATP
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At what points can AA enter into oxidative phosphorylation?
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Kreb's cycle, glycolysis
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Which hormone stimulates proteolysis?
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Cortisol
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Which 6 AA's are most commonly used for energy?
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leucine, isoleucine, valine (BCAAs)
Aspartate, asparagine, glutamate |
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During what type of exercise may proteins provide up to 10% of energy?
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Endurance.
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Describe how AAs can be converted to glucose by way of gluconeogenesis?
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Pyruvate->alanine->liver-> pyruvate->glucose
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What effect does endurance training have on protein usage during exercise?
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Fat oxidation so AA's are spared.
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What percent of total body protein is degraded each day?
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1-2%
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Describe the states of acute & chronic protein deficiencies.
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Acute- visceral tissue reserves provide AA for the AA pool.
Chronic-Visceral tissue protected so AA comes from muscle. |
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Recommended daily intake of protein intakes assume what about an individual's caloric intake?
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Caloric intake is adequate and in balance.
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When is the optimal time period to consume protein following exercise?
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Anabolic window is 1-2 hours.
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Why is consuming CHO after exercise along with protein important?
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CHO stimulates insulin secretion & insulin stimulates AA uptake into muscle.
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What absolute amount of protein is recommended immediately after exercise?
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0.1g/kg BW
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What are the possible risks of long term high protein intake?
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Increased urinary calcium secretion could lead to osteoperosis. Could impact renal disease.
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What are the possible outcomes of low protein intake?
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Skeletal muscle mass & function reduced. Immune system negatively affected. Compromise training & performance.
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Are protein supplements more effective at building muscle in comparison with protein from food?
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No.
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What are the features of Whey protein as a supplement & is it effective in building muscle mass?
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High essential AA content (esp. BCAA). AAs absorbed quickly. Yes it is effective.
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Describe essential AAs and whether or not it lives up to the claims?
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Stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Leucine is a common type. Food sources may be sufficient and lacks studies showing it's effectiveness.
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Describe HMB & whether or not it lives up to it's claims
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Metabolite of leucine. Leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Shown to be effective in untrained athletes.
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Describe Glutamine & whether or not it lives up to it's claims.
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Glutamine is a fuel source for immune system cells. Effectiveness has been mixed in research studies.
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Describe BCAAs & whether or not it lives up to it's claims.
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Leucine, isoleucine & valine.
Used for EE by muscle during prolonged endurance exercise. Not effective for endurance exercise. |
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Describe Glucosamine & whether or not it lives up to it's claims.
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Relieve joint pain in atheletes & in osteoarthritis. Known as joint lubricant. May prevent breakdown of cartlidge & may stimulate cartlidge sythesis.
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