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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are proteins important for in our body?
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Structure
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What chemical element of a protein sets them apart from other nutrients?
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Nitrogen. (Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)
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What are amino acids?
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The building blocks of protein.
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What type of amino acid is derived from our diet?
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Essential amino acids.
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Where do we derive nonessential amino acids from?
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The body makes nonessential amino acids from essential amino acids.
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What are nonessential amino acids called when they cannot be made from essential amino acids?
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Conditionally essential amino acids.
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What is the essential amino acid called that makes Tyrosine?
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Phenylalanine.
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What does Tyrosine become in individuals that cannot intake phenylalanine and what is the condition called?
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The Tyrosine becomes a conditionally essential amino acid and the condition is called Phenylketonuria or PKU.
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What do peptide bonds do?
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They link amino acids together.
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Give an example of something that causes denaturation and explain why it is a bad thing.
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Heat causes denaturation and thereby causes the proteins to lose their original shape, function, and stability.
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Does protein digestion start in the mouth?
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NO!
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What chemical and what enzyme start digestion in the stomach?
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Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and pepsin digests proteins.
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What are the family of enzymes called that digest proteins in the small intestine?
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Proteases.
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What is the process called when DNA is used to make RNA?
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Transcription.
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What is the process called when RNA is used to make the protein of interest?
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Translation.
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Describe the difference between acids and bases.
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Acids donate hydrogen ions and bases can accept hydrogen ions.
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What helps to maintain a stable pH?
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A buffer.
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What is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution called?
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pH.
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True or False.
Proteins cannot serve as buffers because they aren't able to accept or donate hydrogen ions. |
False.
Proteins are able to serve as buffers because they can accept and donate hydrogen ions and they are referred to as Acid/Base Regulators. |
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What is the connective tissue protein called?
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Collagen
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What do enzymes do?
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Catalyze reactions; break down, build up, and transform substances.
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What are the proteins called that defend against disease?
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Antibodies.
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What is an antigen?
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What an antibody recognizes as foreign.
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What are most hormones?
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Proteins!
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Give an example of a cell membrane protein.
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Receptor.
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What forms the bulk of a blood clot?
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Fibrin!
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What kind of protein is hemoglobin and where is it found?
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It is an iron-containing protein and it is found in the blood.
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Does transferrin carry iron from the GI tract to the blood or from the liver to the blood?
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From the liver to the blood.
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Where do you find the protein opsin?
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In the photoreceptors of the eyes.
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What chemicals allow neurons to communicate?
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Neurotransmitters.
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Is protein turnover a process of continual production and destruction or a tasty confection?
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It is a process of continual production and destruction.
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Where do we find positive nitrogen balance?
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In a growing child.
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Where do we see negative nitrogen balance?
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During starvation.
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Can amino acids be converted to ATP?
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Yes if needed, although the body has a protein-sparing effect.
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Explain what a complete protein is and name one.
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A protein that has all of the amino acids and an example is animal protein.
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What's so great about soy protein?
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It is the only plant-derived complete protein.
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What does it mean when I say that eggs have a 100 Biological Value?
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It means that they are easily digested, easily absorbed, and full of amino acids.
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What does PEM stand for?
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition. This is insufficient intake of protein, energy, or both, and can result from not high enough quality protein or not enough protein in general.
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What is another name for chronic PEM?
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Marasmus. This results from deprivation of energy, vitamins, minerals, impaired growth, wasting of muscles, and impaired brain development.
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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Acute PEM developing from poor quality of protein. Signs are a bloated abdomen, inflammation, and hair loss.
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What is the recommended intake of protein for an adult?
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10-35% of daily energy intake or 0.8 grams/kg of body weight/day
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List some health effects associated with high-protein diets.
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Heart disease, cancer (debatable), osteoporosis, and kidney disease.
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When do protein and amino acid supplements become dangerous?
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When they are used excessively they can put someone at risk for kidney disease.
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