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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absorption
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the process by which nutrient molecules are taken up by the cells for transport into either the blood or lymphatic system
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small intestine absorption (villi)
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fingerlike protusions into the small intestines
structure = epithelium (absorptive cells with microvilli) goblet cells (secrete mucous) Purpose = increase absorptive area absorb major nutrients |
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large intestines absorption (crypts)
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straight tubular glands with no villi
structure absorptive cells (microvilli extensions) goblet cells (secrete mucous) purpose waste storage absorbs water and salts |
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water soluble nutrients (final end products )
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carbs (monosaccharides)
short/medium chained TGs (1 glycerol, 3 FFA) proteins (amino acids) vitamins (b-complex, c) minerals (ions) |
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water soluble nutrients process (small intestines)
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process for small intestines
microvilli (capture nutrients for absorption) absorptive cells (absorb nutrients from intestinal lumen villus capillaries (absorb nutrients form absorptive cells) hepatic portal system (transports nutrients from intestines to liver) liver cells (absorb nutrients) |
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fat soluble nutrients final end products
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long chained TG (1 monglyceride, 2FFA)
cholesterol fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) |
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fat soluble nutrients process (small intestines)
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duodenum/jejunum
Formation of micelle structure lecithin and bile acid covering enclosed lipids function lipid solubility in the chyme transport of lipids across the unstirred water barrier bathing absorptive cells |
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fat soluble nutrients cont. process
1 absorptive cells 2 micelle remnant |
1 absorb lipids by diffusion from micelle
reassemble monoglyceride and FFA's into TG construct chylomicron structure phospholipid covering enclosed lipids 2 micelle remnant returns to intestinal lumen |
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Fat soluble nutrients process cont.
1 villi lymphatics (lacteal) 2 vascular system 3 liver cells |
1 absorb chylomicron
2 transport to subclavian vein 3 engulf chylomicron |
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vitamin K absorption process
1 small intestines 2 large intestines |
1 jejunum (micelle)
plants ( green leafy veggies, broccoli, peas, green beans, soy and canola oil 2 jejunum (micelle) animal (fish oils, meats) colon (10%) bacterial synthesis |
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salt absorption (process)
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large intestines (sodium, chloride, and potassium)
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water absorption (process)
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large intestines (extract 80% from chyme)
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alcohol absorption process
1 digestion 2 absorption |
1 none necessary
2 intestinal cells (easily crosses cell membranes, mouth stomach, small intestine) venous system (easily crosses vessel walls) |
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gastrointestinal regulation (nervous system)
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vagus nerve = receives stimuli to stimulate hormonal system
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GASTROINTESTINAL REGULATION (hormone system)
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Gastrin = Stimulates stomach acids and enzymes
Secretin =Stimulates pancreatic juice Cholecystokinin (CCK)= Stimulates pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder bile release Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) = Slows gastric motility and stimulates pancreatic insulin release. |
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Gastrointestinal Health Concerns
1 prevalence 2 problem |
1 10-15% of the North American population.
97% are undiagnosed. 2 Symptoms often do not fit a specific diagnosis nor disappear. |
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Food Allergy
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Immune system response to food.
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food allergy
etiology response |
Etiology
Immune system recognizes protein as an allergen. Response Creation of antibodies to stop the invasion. |
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Food Intolerance (Sensitivity)
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Adverse reaction to food
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Food Intolerance (Sensitivity)
etiology |
Etiology
Lack of the proper enzyme to digest a food Reaction to food chemicals or additives |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
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Chronic Functional Gut Disorder (FGD)
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IBS Diet Approach
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FODMAPS
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Celiac Disease
diagnosis diet approach |
Diagnosis
Intestinal Biopsy Diet Approach Gluten Free Diet |
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satiety regulation
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Hunger
Physiological drive to find and eat food. Appetite Psychological influences that encourage food intake. |
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1 internal forces (hunger)
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Presence of Blood Nutrients
Liver detection Chylomicron Apo A-IV |
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2 Internal Forces (Hunger)
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Hormone Regulation
Hunger initiators Endorphins Ghrelin Hunger terminators Cholecystokinin Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide Leptin |
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3 Internal Forces (Hunger)
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Neurotransmitters
Hunger initiators Neuropeptide Y Galanin Hunger terminators Serotonin POMC |
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4 Internal Forces (Hunger)
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Gastrointestinal Distention
Preabsorptive signals |
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1 External Forces (Appetite)
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Psychological Factors
Emotional Factors Stress Boredom Binge Eating Disorder |
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2 External Forces (Appetite)
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Physical Factors
Container Size . Tall/Skinny vs. Short/Wide . Large bowl vs. Small bowl . Small, Medium, Large Labels . Organic vs. Not Organic . Low Fat . Package Pictures . Fancy Names |
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3 External Forces (Appetite)
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Environmental Factors
Food Availability Variety increases intake Abundance increases intake Time of Day Habit determines hunger Temperature Cold increases hunger Warm decreases hunger Clean Plate Club |
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4 External Forces (Appetite)
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Energy-Dense Diet
High fat foods High Sugar foods Physical Inactivity Intake > Output Medications Antidepressants, Hormones |
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Basal Metabolism Rate (BMR)
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The rate of energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical and emotional rest.
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factors affecting BMR
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Age: 2% decrease each decade
Sex: Females 10% less Lean Body Mass: High levels increase Obesity: High levels decrease Adaptive Thermogenesis: Increase Thyroid Activity: Low will decrease High will increase |
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Thermic Effect of Exercise (TEE)
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Energy for physical activity.
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Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
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Energy for digestion.
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TOTAL ENERGY OUTPUT
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BMR + TEE + TEF
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Bulimia nervosa
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Episodes of binge eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting.
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Anorexia nervosa
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Refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight.
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Orthorexia nervosa
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Manipulation of food quality to a pathological extent to where food becomes an end in itself.
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OBESITY
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1) Having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass.
2) Ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally considered healthy for a given height. |
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U.S. Adults (20+ years)
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64% are overweight or obese
33% of U.S. adults are obese |
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OBESITY types
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Subcutaneous
Forms Abdominal and Gluteofemoral Definition Fat distribution outside the body cavity Visceral Forms Omental and Mesenteric Definition Fat distribution inside the abdominal cavity |
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Subcutaneous Obesity
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Definition
Fat distribution outside the body cavity in subcutaneous layer of integument. Forms Abdominal . Fat above abdominal muscles Gluteofemoral . Fat in Gluteous/Femural regions |
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Visceral Obesity
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Definition
Fat within the visceral organs under the abdominal muscles. Forms Omental .Fat in the Greater Omentum Mesenteric . Fat in the Mesentary |
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OBESITY assessment
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
Measure of adult’s weight in relation to height (Wt[Kg] /Ht2[m] ) Underweight < 18.5 Normal Weight 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25.0-29.9 Obese 30.0-39.9 Extreme Obesity > 40.0 |
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OBESITY assessment
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Waist Circumference
Overweight Men > 40”(>120 cm) Overweight Women > 35”(> 88 cm) Body Fat Percentage Men: 18-23% Women: 25-30% |
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ABSI
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“A Body Shape Index”
Measurement BMI plus Waist circumference. BMI measures body size or ‘bigness ABSI measures body shape, or ’roundness,’ Rationale Large amount of belly fat, significantly increases the risk of premature death. |
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METABOLIC SYNDROME
definition etiology |
Definition
Unique cluster of symptoms carrying a high risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. Etiology Insulin Resistance Obesity Unhealthy lifestyle Hormonal Imbalance |
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METABOLIC SYNDROME
risk factors diagnosis |
Risk Factors
Visceral Obesity High Triglycerides > 150mg/dl Low HDL < 40mg/dl (men) < 50mg/dl (women) Small,Dense LDL High Blood Pressure > 130/85 mm Hg High Fasting Glucose > 100 mg/dl Diagnosis Three or more risk factors |
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First Law of Fat
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Anything you eat beyond immediate need for energy converts to fat
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Second Law of Fat
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The line between being in
and out of energy balance is slight. |
