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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hunger |
physiological drive- body senses need to eat non-specific foods hormones and signals drive us to eat fight or flight |
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appetite |
psychological desire for specific foods triggered by environmental cues social, holiday |
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anorexia |
physiological need for food but no appetite refusal to eat may be due to illness, meds, treatments
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hypothalamus prompts hunger |
brain nutrients we consume triggers hunger or satiation by using signals: nerve cells, hormones, amount and type of food we eat |
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role of nerve cells |
line stomach and small intestine detect changes in pressure (empty or distended with food) send message to hypothalamus person experiences hunger pain when you have stomach ache "stretch receptor" |
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role of hormones (proteins) |
signaling chemicals insulin- uptake by cells of glucose glucagon- puts sugar in blood maintain blood glucose levels, message to hypothalamus for food hypothalamus picks up signals and increases blood glucose levels body has backup systems to regulate appetite |
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ghrelin |
secreted in lining of stomach increases hunger increases with low blood sugar after weigh loss, increase of ghrelin (biological drive to eat) |
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leptin |
secreted in fat cells, stomach, heart, skeletal muscle decreases hunger both circulate in peripherary |
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role of amount/type of food |
protein has highest satiety value fiber and water content fiber- absorbs more water (indigestible carb) bulky meals stretch the stomach and small intestine |
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environmental cues trigger appetite |
sensory- smell, taste, hear, sight social/cultural- holiday, baseball game, movies role of learning- food pref changes over time develop appetite, learn food aversion
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ingestion |
take in food |
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digestion |
consume, absorb, break complex nutrients into simple ones mechanical- physically breaks large chunks into smaller ones chemical- breaks molecules apart |
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motility |
movement peristalysis- move by muscle components of digestive tract (esophagus contraction) |
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dismotility |
portion of GI tract does not work |
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absorption |
movement of digested nutrients through GI mucosa to internal environment |
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secretion |
release of digestive juices into digestive tract |
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elimination |
excretion of residue of digestive process |
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gastroporesis |
always full |
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digestion |
completed by digestive system chemical and mechanical starts in mouth |
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the mouth |
salivary glands secretes saliva salivary amylase- minor Carb digestion, lingual lipase (digestion enzyme) teeth and tongue formation and movement of bolus (ball of food) impairment of tongue= at risk |
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the esophagus |
muscular tube through which bolus travels from mouth to stomach epiglottis- trapdoor covers trachea when swallowing food stuck in lungs= aspiration pneumonia peristalsis- circular and longitudal muscle move in GI tract (gastric motility) gastroesophageal sphincter |
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the esophagus |
heavy blood supply- nutrients movement of energy and oxygen multiple layers
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the stomach |
J shaped 6 fl oz when empty, can hold 4 cups fundus, body, and pylorus brain signal gastric secretion gastric motility, chyme formed (duodenum) functions of stomach pyloric sphincter secrete intristic factor
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gastric secretions HCl, Pepsinogen, Gastric lipase, Mucus |
HCl- acidify, break down pepsinogen- break down AA chains gastric lipase- break down fat mucus- protect from acid |
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chyme |
liquified passed to the duodenum throw up |
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intrinsic factor |
b12 absorption older- less able to absorb |
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the small intestine |
duodenum, jejenum, and ileum passage takes 5 hours major organs of digestion/absorption villi- fingerlike, surface area to absorb nutrients microvilli- capillaries and lymphatic tissue |
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hormones(protein) and enzymes |
hormones- secretion from small intestine, liver, and pancreas secretin- pancreas releases HCO3, acidic (neutralize gastric acid) CCK- triggers bile(emulsifier), digest fat bile- emulsifier allows fat micelle- fat immersed in fluid ileocecal valve (sphincter)- prevent colon reflux (waste products), end of small intestine |
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the large intestine |
cecum, colon, and rectum colon- reabsorb H2O (don't want waste in small intestine) passage through takes 9-16 hours final absorption of water and minerals colon bac produce vitamins- not enough for needs formation of feces and excretion from colon thru anus (sphincter) |
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absorption |
substances pass through intestinal mucosa into blood or lymph mucosa- linin transport processes- passive diffusion and osmosis |
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simple diffusion |
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
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facilitated diffusion |
movement of molecules by a carrier protein from high to low concentration |
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active transport |
movement of molecules and ions by means of carrier protein(special membrane) against fluid pressure that requires cellular energy uses pumping mechanism gut uses energy, absorb energy, make energy |
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osmosis |
substance moves from area of greater pressure to less pressure allows molecules to travel through capillaries |
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pinocytosis |
engulfing occurs when substance (fluid or nutrient) contacts villi membrane villi surround substance, create vacuole encompassing substance (absorb by surrounding it) |
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absorption |
determinants of vitamin and mineral absorption nutrients (fats/carbs/proteins) absorbed regardless of need structure of small intestine allows for absorption villi and microvilli=brush border more capillaries and lymphatic to reach absorption |
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absorption |
nutrient transport systems general circulatory (blood) system lymphatic system liver- triangular, wedge shaped, 3 lbs, performs more than 500 discrete functions
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liver |
regulates blood nutrients receives products of digestion releases nutrients needed thru body process, store, regulate blood (sugar, fat, AA) make blood proteins make glucose to keep blood glucose levels constant filter blood- remove toxins, makes bile |
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metabolism |
processes thru which absorbed nutrients are used by body for energy and form/maintain body structure catabolism/anabolism form new cell structures create hormones and enzymes act as catalyst/coenzyme provides energy |
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elimination |
defecation- expulsion of feces or body waste products residue- undigested materials (cellulose, diet fibers) undig fats combine with diet minerals to form residue additional residue- water, bac, pigments, mucus |
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intestinal gas |
from digestion of food (much and smell based on food) flatus del from lower intestinal tract formed by bac in large intestine (ferm, lactose intolerant, eat quick) ferm- create CO2 from sugar lact intol- can't digest sugar decrese- eat behavior or decrease certain fibers
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