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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protein |
genes determine proteins that are built building block=20 AA 9 essential (body can't make) |
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peptides |
AA joined by peptide bonds 2 AAs= dipeptide 3 AAs= tripeptide 4-9 AAs= ologopeptide 10+ AAs= polypeptide |
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denaturing |
change in shape of protein structures caused by heat, light, acids, alcohol, or mechanical actions control denaturing of body proteins must be done or can't function as needed |
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structural levels |
primary- determined by number, assortment, and sequence of AAs in polypep chains secondary- shape of AA (straight, folded, or coiled) tertiary- coiled, forms bonds within chain quaternary- more than 1 polypep chain |
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primary |
single ball chain |
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secondary |
spiral (straight, coiled, or folded) |
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tertiary |
coiled chain |
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quaternary |
a bunch of folded chains in ball |
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protein synthesis |
singular chain determines structure/ activity DNA determines how proteins are synthesized mRNA carries DNA instructions (code for AA and order)=nucleotide |
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Why we need proteins |
cell growth, repair, maintenance (create tissue) enzymes/hormones maintain fluid/electrolyte balance (in blood) maintain acid-base strength strong immune system energy: nitrogen to protein |
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catabolism |
tissue protein breakdown bad starving, cancer, eating disorder body does with AAs |
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anabolism |
tissue protein synthesis (build new tissue) good steroids body does with AAs |
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amino acid pool |
body collection of AAs |
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plasma proteins |
fluid balance |
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deamination |
energy NH3 to urea leto acid to energy |
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protein as nutrient within body digestion and absorption |
mouth- mechanical digestion (no enzymes in saliva) stomach- sphincter (stomach mucosa) secretes pepsinogen (enzyme) sphincter doesn't open- can't hold acid (heartburn) esophagul sphincter opens- activated by gastric protease and HCl |
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digestion and absorption small intestine |
long AA chains broken down to peptides (from HCl activation) polypeptides go to small intestine no AA in stomach |
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small intestine |
pancreatic and intestinal proteases breakdown polypeptides trypsin- prim pancreatic protease chymotrypsin- pancreatic protease breaking polypeptides into dipeptides |
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small intestine |
carboxypeptidase- pancreatic protease breaking polypeptides and dipeptides into AAs aminopeptidase- intestinal peptidase releasing free AAs from amino end of short chain peptides dipeptidase- intestinal peptidase completing breakdown of proteins to AAs |
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absorption |
absorption of AAs through intestinal wall by active transport using vitamin B6 as carrier AAs water soluble- easily pass into blood stream glucose to digestive tract |
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how much protein should we eat |
most 10-20% RDA .8g/kg per day 10-35% total energy intake children, preg, athletes need more (build more tissue) health conditions eat 15-17% of calories |
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decubitus ulcer (protein health condition) |
bed sore broken down tissue from not moving constant pressure on skin |
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CKD (protein health disease) |
kidney not utilizing protein |
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diabetes (protein health disease) |
#1 cause amputation nerve damage |
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protein food source |
beef, lamb, pork, game chicken, turkey, other fowl seafood (crab, shrimp, lobster, fish) eggs, milk, yogurt, cheese tofu, soybeans, TVP, tempeh (plant based) nuts, seeds legumes and starchy beans drinks, bars, powders (help build muscle) |
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vegetarians supply protein |
grains- low lysine, thieonene, tryptophan legumes- low methionine, bryptophan veggies- low methionine, isoleucine nuts/seeds- low lysine, isoleucine need to eat a variety of all to get essential AAs |
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health problems related to protein intake |
high protein=high cholesterol (high LDL, sat fat) high protein= increase risk kidney disease, dialysis deanimate- move nitrogen, use protein for energy protein energy malnutrition- more extensive |
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Marasmus protein malnutrition |
catabolic disease inadequate intake of protein, energy, nutrients person underweight, muscle wasted anorexia, end stage cancer |
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kwashiorkor protein nutrition |
low protein diet, adequate calories person normal weight but muscle wasted 3rd world (live mostly on grains) swollen stomach |
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edema protein malnutrition |
swelling Kwashiorkor- present Marasmus- absent
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subcataneous fat protein malnutrition |
Kwashiorkor- reduced but present Marasmus- absent |
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xerosis |
abnormal dryness of skin- due to fatty acid deficiency in marasmum (linolenic/linoleic) |
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flaky paint dermatosis |
darkly pigmented patches form, peel or desquamate like old sun-baked paint under flakes are atrophic depigmented ares that resemble healing burn |
