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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What it the most important nutrient that exists?
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Water
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How long can you survive without food? Water?
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Food-many days; Water-only a short time
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What do animals depend on for basic life processes?
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Water
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How much does water constitute of a newborn puppy? An adult?
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84% of the weight of a newborn puppy and 50-60% of the weight of an adult
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Where is water found in animals?
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inside and outside of cells and in most biochemical reactions within the body
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What can water deficits effect?
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when of more than a few percent, they can dramatically effect the overall health of an animal.
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At what percent of water loss is skin turgidity lost?
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4-5%
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At what percent of water loss are the eyes sunkin?
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7%
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At what percent of water loss is death?
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10% and above
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What are 3 ways hydration can be assessed?
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1. moisture of mucous membranes
2. heart rate 3. peripheral pulse (shock) |
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What is a more definitive way to assess hydration besides the three above?
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to check the packed cell volume
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What are 3 ways to replace fluid?
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1. Intravenous
2. Subcutaneous 3. Per Os |
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What is the fastest way with 100% efficiency of fluid replacement?
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Intravenous
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When is the Subcutaneous fluid replacement method used?
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when IV method cannot be attained due to small veins or pediatrics
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When should Os method not be used?
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in vomiting cases
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What are the two formulas to determine how much to replace?
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-BW (lbs) x % dehydration (decimal) x 500 = deficit in milliliters
- BW (lbs) x % dehydration (decimal) = deficit in Liters |
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What are 2 considerations in giving fluids?
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1. Replace deficits
2. maintenance |
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What aree the 3 rules of maintenance?
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1. 1ml/#/hr for large dogs
2. 2ml/#/hr for small dogs 3. continued loss |
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When can replacement fluid be stopped?
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only when the animal is able to drink and restore its own fluid needs. If the animal is unable or unwilling to drink maintenance fluids need to be continued.
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What is the fluid administration rate for Anesthesia?
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5ml/#/hr
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What is the fluid administration rate for Rapid Rehydration?
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20 ml/# for the first hour then reduce to maintenance rate.
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What is the fluid administration rate for Shock Dog/Cat?
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Dogs- 40ml/#/hr
Cats- 25ml/#/hr |
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What are the 4 functions of Water?
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1. Regulate body temperature
2. Maintain Electrolyte concentrations 3. Medium for chemical reactions 4. Lubricate body tissues |
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Water percentages in Dry, semi-moist and canned food?
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Dry- 6-10%
Semi-Moist- 23-40% Canned- 68-78% |
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How much water will an animal eating dry food consume?
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about 2 1/2 parts of water to one part dry food.
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Why will livestock who graze on pasture will consume less water?
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because water content in the grass. This is true especially in the spring due to the new grass growth.
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how much water do fats produce?
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twice the water per unit of weight as carbohydrates and proteins.
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What is drinking controlled by and where is it located?
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the hypothalmus which lies just caudal to the brain.
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What serves as the bodies thermoregulator?
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the hypothalmus
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What 3 things stimulate the hypothalmus?
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1. dryness in the mouth
2. lack of water in the stomach 3. increase in plasma sodium |
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What is released when the hypothalmus is stimulated? and what will this cause?
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the Antidiuretic Hormone. will cause the animal to be thirsty and will also cause the kidneys to reabsorb water to preserve it in the bodies system
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What will Intravenous fluids not do?
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they will not substitute for the gastric factor or fluid in the stomach. If a dog is on IV they may still exhibit a need for water.
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Why do dogs pant?
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when a dog pants they will tend to breath air into the nose and out of the mouth. Breathing in through the nose tends to cool the air so effectively that it lowers body temp.
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Do cats sweat?
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cats do not pant except in extreme cases of stress. They do sweat through the pads of the feet.
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What is the temp of Heat stroke?
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104-106 degree F- mild
Over 106F is Moderate to Extreme |
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How should you treat Heat stroke?
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Cool the body slowly in a tub of cool water, not Ice. Once the body temp is normal then start IV fluids to restore dehydration.
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What are 4 ways heat stroke can occur?
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1. Car
2. Shadeless yard-chained and pinned 3. back of a truck in summer 4. extensive exercise in summer |
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What does water restriction do?
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lowers food consumption and limits weight gain and growth.
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What happens with long term effects of water restriction?
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may be serious and may include urinary calculi and abnormal mineral deposits in bones and soft tissue.
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What is Hydremia?
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Water intoxication
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When does Hydremia occur?
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in puppies and post surgical cases.
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What are 4 symptoms of Hydremia?
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1. Anorexia
2. Lethargy 3. Muscular weakness 4. ataxia due to sodium depletion |
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What is water intake controlled by?
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the environment due to humidity and temperature
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What does Water supplementation do?
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produce and increase in endurance.
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What is the increased work capacity due to?
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thermoregulation as well as hydration.
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Following muscular work do dogs tend to drink less or more?
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tend to drink less to restore water loss than after dehydration due to external heat when they will tend to drink more.
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What are 6 ways water is lost from body?
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1. Urine 5. Saliva
2. Loss from skin 6. Milk 3. Respiration 4. Feces |
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What is energy measured in?
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calories
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What is a Large calorie?
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amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1kg of water 1 c.
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What is a small calorie?
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amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1gm of water 1 c.
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WHat 2 things do calories provide?
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1. Utilization of all other nutrients
2. Heat to maintain body temperatures |
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What is the prime regulator of food consumption?
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Dietary energy
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How many calories per gram in Protein, Carbs and fat?
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Protein-4 cal/g
Carbs-4 cal/g Fat-9 cal/g |
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What is Gross energy determined by?
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completely burning the food to its oxidation products: Carbon Dioxide, Water and other gases.
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What is the heat given off as? How is this accomplished?
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considered the G.E. of that foodstuff. accomplished by us of a bomb calorimeter.
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How does the Bomb Calorimeter work?
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consists of a metal chamber surrouned by water. The chamber is loaded with a known sample of dried food and oxygen. The sample is burned and the heat produced is measured from the rise in the water temp.
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What is Digestible energy determined by?
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an animal feeding trial. Food consumption and fecal excretion are measured and a gross energy determination of both food and feces is made.
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How is the Digestible energy value calculated?
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by subtracting fecal energy output from food energy input.
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What is Metabolizable Energy determined by?
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a feeding trial.
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How is Metabolizable Energy calculated?
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This differs from D.E. in that urine output is also subtracted from the food energy input, This amounts to about 3% of the G.E. intake.
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What is Net Energy determined by and How is it calculated?
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determined by measuring body heat losses and subtracting it from the M.E. value.
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Calorie Requirements of Small breeds?
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grow to a mature weight 30x their birth weight
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Calorie requirements of Medium and large breeds?
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60x their birth weight
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Calorie requirements of Giant breeds?
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90x their birth weight
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What is the Digestible Energy for a Small breed (less than 20#)
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50
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What is the Digestible Energy for a Medium and large breed? (20-75#)
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35
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What is the Digestible Energy for a giant breed( greater than 30%(
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30
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How many cal do cats require?
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50 cal per pound of body weight
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How much more food should kittens and puppies and Lactating females require?
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2 to 4x more food per pound of body weight as an adult
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What is the Impact of Environment?
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for every 10 deg temp elevation in the environmental temp there is a 7.5% reduction energy requirements. Also for every 10 deg reduction there is a 7.5% increase
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How should working dogs be conditioned before a major event?
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at least 2 mos prior to event. high energy diets should be fed during conditioning period and during actual working time. Food should be withheld before working and for a time after working. Water should be provided and body heat should be watched.
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What are proteins?
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groups of Amino Acids joined by peptide linkage
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What are Amino Acids?
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Chief building blocks of protein.
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How many amino acids are involved in the synthesis of body proteins?
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23 and they are grouped into essential and non essential
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What are essential amino acids?
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those which cannot be formed within the body rapidly enough to meet the bodies requirements and therefore must be supplemented
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What are Non essential amino acids?
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Those that the body does make enough of
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Name the 11 Essential aminos and which one is cats only.
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1. Arginine 5. Histadine 9. Methionine
2. Leucine 6. Lysine 10. Threonine 3. Phenylalanine 7. Tryptophan 11. Taurine (cats only) 4. Valine 8. Isoleucine |
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How much of an animals body is protein?
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60%
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Name 4 foods high in protein.
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1.eggs
2.meat 3.beans 4. chicken |
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What does Crude protein refer to?
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the Nitrogen in a food source.
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Where is Nitrogen found?
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in protein and amino acids
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What is the formula for crude protein?
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% Nitrogen x 6.25 (this # is derived from the fact that protein is normally comprised of 16% Nitrogen. (100%/16%=6.25)
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What does AAFCO stand for?
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Association of American Feed Control Officials
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Why is the formula for crude protein fairly accurate for ruminants but not for monogastric animals?
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bc most of commercial pet foods are heat treated which will destroy essential amino acids
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What is Biological Value?
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the estimate of Protein quality.
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What does the Biological Value reflect?
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the number and amount of essential amino acids the food contains.
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What does the Biological Value equal?
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the percentage of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body.
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What is the Biological value for Egg, Milk, Liver, Wheat, corn?
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Egg-100% Corn-45%
Milk-92% Liver-79% Wheat-48% |
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The___ the percentage, the ___of that food source is required in the diet to meet the amino acid requirements.
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higher, less
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______ have higher protein needs than ____. Omnivores are midrange.
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Carnivores, herbivores
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Higher protein=?
Higher protein promotes? Higher protein provides what? |
-less food required to meet daily needs
-muscle growth -provides amino acids during periods of stress |
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What does protein restriction result in?
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retarded growth, inadequate tissue repair and energy shortage.
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What happens without sufficient carbs and fat?
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the amino acids normally used for building blocks will then be used for energy instead of building tissue
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Where does Protein digestion mainly occur?
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in the stomach
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Where are amino acids absorbed?
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in the small intestine
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What is the digestibility of most commercial pet foods?
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between 70-85%
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After Amino acids are absorbed, what happens?
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they are transported to the liver where they are combined to form physiological proteins or are oxidized to form energy, water, CO2, and urea.
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Why is an excess of amino acids excreted?
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bc they cannot be stored. This excretion ultimately occurs through the kidney.
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What are the 5 steps of Protein metabolism?
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1. protein is converted to amino acids
2. amino acids are utilized 3. ammonia is released as a by product of amino acid usage. 4. Ammonia is converted into Urea in the liver and then is excreted by the kidneys. 5. Urea is the nitrogen end product of protein metabolism |
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Is excessive protein harmful to the animal?
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Yes and no, because if the protein intake is high then ultimately the kidneys will have to work harder to excrete the urea.
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What happens if the kidneys are not able to properly filter the waste?
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then the urea will remain in the blood as a toxic substance
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How do we test for toxic substances in blood?
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BUN test- Blood Urea Nitrogen Test
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What are the two ways of BUN test?
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Dip Stick-Azostix
Blood Chemistry Analyzer-Vet Test 8008 |
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What are the normal values for the BUN test?
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is 15-20 mg/dl for most species
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What might cause the BUN to rise?
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-Excess Dietary protein
-Renal Disfunction-heartworm disease; congestive heart failure |
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What might cause the BUN to go down?
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Protein deficiency-starvation
Liver disfunction |
