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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of fat in the body?
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chief form of storage in the body
muscle fuel emergency reserve for times of illness or low calories padding for internal organs insulation membrane material converts to hormones, bile, and Vit D |
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What are the functions of fat in food?
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Nutrients (essential fatty acids)
Energy transportation (fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals) raw materials sensory appeal (contribute to taste and smell) stimulate appetite satiety (feeling fullness) makes foods tender |
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What are the different types of fatty acids?
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Saturated
Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated |
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What is the structure of Triglycerides?
Saturated? Monounsaturated? Polyunsaturated? |
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol (length of fatty acids vary)
no double bonds one double bond >1 double bond |
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What is the structure of sterols?
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rings of carbon
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What is the structure of phospholipids?
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2 fatty acids and phosphorus
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What are the functions of triglycerides?
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??
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What are the functions of sterols?
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(Cholesterol)
raw material for making emulsifiers in bile Vit D Steroid hormones (sex hormones) plant sterols can inhibit cholesterol absorption (lowering blood cholesterol) |
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Where is cholesterol mainly found in?
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animal meat
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what are the functions of phospholipids?
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makes up cell membrane
helps fat travel through membrane (and also fat-soluble vitamins, etc) an emulsifier (half water half fat soluble--breaks up fat) generate signals to help modulate body conditions |
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Does saliva digest fats?
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Only milk fat in babies
no fat digestion in adults |
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What are the three different classes of lipids?
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Triglycerides
Sterols Phospholipids |
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What is the structure of a fatty acid?
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chain of carbons
(filled with energy) |
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Describe the structure of a saturate fatty acid and explain why it is good or bad.
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Structure is completely filled (saturated) with Hydrgens
Solid at room temperature Bad because it can cause clotting in the arteries |
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What are some food sources for saturated fats?
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Animal products
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describe the structure of monounsaturated fats
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one double bond in carbon chain
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What are the food sources of monounsaturated fats?
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olive oil, canola oil
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Describe the structure of polyunsaturated fats
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more than one double bond
liquid at room temperature |
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What are the food sources for polyunsaturated fats?
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soy bean
sun flower safflower |
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How much fat digestion occurs in the stomach?
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Very little
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Where is fat emulsified?
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small intestine
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What is fat emulsified?
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make it available for enzyme action
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What secretes bile? and What does bile do?
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Gallbladder
emulsifies fat |
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When fat has been emulsified, what then helps the fat be split into smaller molecules? What does the fat split into?
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Pancreas excretes digestive enzymes
fat is split into free fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides |
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When fats are absorbed into the body, what is absorbed directly into the bloodstream?
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Glycerol and short chain fatty acids
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What travels through the lymph vessels to the bloodstream?
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monoglycerides and long chain fatty acids
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What has to happen in order for monoglycerides and long chain fatty acids to enter the lymph vessels?
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converted back into triglycerides and combined with proteins (forming chylomocrons--a type of lipoprotein)
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Not all cholesterol is absorbed, so what happens to the rest of it?
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trapped in fiber and excreted with the feces
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What are some functions of Omega-3 fatty acids?
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lower blood pressure and inflamation
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What are 2 types of essential fatty acids?
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linoleic and linolenic (omega-6 and omega-3)
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What are the benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids?
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lowers blood clotting
lowers blood pressure lowers chance of hardening arteries lowers inflammation |
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What are the benefits of monounsaturated fatty acids?
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may protect against heart disease
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What are the benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
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may decrease risk of heart disease
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What is a benefit for hydrogenation?
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long shelf life
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What are some problems for consuming fats?
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too much fat can lead to increase risk of chronic diseases
(especially saturated fats) |
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What are some problems for saturated fats?
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clog arteries
increases LDL |
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what are some problems for hydrogenation?
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saturate double bonds with hydrogen
increase LDL decrease HDL |
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What are some food sources for saturated fats?
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cheese
milk beef coconut/palm oils (solid at room temp) |
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What are some food sources for monounsaturated fats?
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olive oil
canola oil avocado peanut oil |
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What are some food sources for polyunsaturated fats?
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vegetable oils (sunflower, sesame, soy, corn)
nuts and seeds fatty fish |
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What are some food sources for cholesterol
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eggs
beef poultry cheese milk |
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What is the food source for omega-3 fatty acids?
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fatty fish
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Why are plant oils hydrogenated?
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reduce rancidity
longer shelf life more solid better baking characteristics |
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What does hydrogenation do to food?
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stabilizes the molecule by adding hydrogen
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What are some foods most likely to contain trans fats?
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fast foods
chips cookies crackers cake products and frostings breads stick margarines commercial fried chickens and fish products other commercially prepared foods **unhealthy** |
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What are the health implications of trans fats?
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raises blood LDL levels
lowers HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) may increase tissue inflammation (key in heart disease) fats converted to trans fats may lose nutritional value from raw oils equal or greater risks than saturated |
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What is the recommended intake for fat from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
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<10% calories from saturated and trans fats
<300mg cholesterol/day total fat intake 20-35%calories from mostly unsaturated fats sources |
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What is the recommended intake for fat from the USDA Food Guide?
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Solid fats should be kept low
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What is the recommended intake for fat from the AMDR?
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20-35% calories
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What are some options for reducing fat intake?
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trim fat from foods
choose low fat and fat free alternatives be aware of invisible fats in foods substitute saturated fats with mono and polyunsaturated fats |
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What is the structure of proteins?
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long chains of amino acids connected with peptide bonds
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Why are adequate amounts of all essential amino acids required for protein synthesis?
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essential amino acids are the ones that the body cannot synthesize on its own so we must intake enough from our diet
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where and how is protein digested?
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stomach: denaturation and break down by gastric juices
small intestines: enzymatic digestion into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides |
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How are proteins absorbed?
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cells along the sm. intestine absorb single amino acids
dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed also but once in the cells they are broken down to amino acids and absorbed into bloodstream |
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Describe protein metabolism
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?!?!?!?
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What are some roles of protein in the body?
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provide structure and movement
enzymes hormones antibodies serve in transport across membranes fluid and electrolyte regulation buffers for blood contribute to blood clotting energy supply |
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What is nitrogen balance?
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ratio of nitrogen taken in by eating food and nitrogen taken out by excretion
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What should the nitrogen balance be in healthy adults?
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in = out
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Who would have a positive nitrogen balance?
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pregnant women
growing children person building muscle |
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Who would have a negative nitrogen balance?
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astronaut
surgery patient |
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What is the AMDR recommendation for protein?
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10-35% calories/day
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Where does high quality protein come from?
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animal sources
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Where does mid-range quality protein come from?
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legumes
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Where does low quality protein come from?
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grains
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What are some examples of complementary proteins?
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legumes complement grains
legumes, grains, tortillas, rice, beans, lentils, pita bread, hummus, bread peanut butter |
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How would you calculate someone's recommended protein intake?
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weight in lbs / 2.2
(convert to kg) then * by 0.8 ex: 220lbs/2.2= 100kg*0.8=80g protein |
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What are two protein deficiencies?
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Marasmus
Kwashiorkor |
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What are some consequences of Marasmus?
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found in young children
lack of total calories can't absorb nutrients wasted muscles (no edema) |
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What are some consequences of Kwashiorkor?
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enough total calories but lack of protein
comes from quick weaning of breast milk occurs in 6-12 months old severe edema "sickness that child gets when new child comes" |
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What are some consequences of excess protein?
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affects the absorption of other foods
does not support energy more fluid required to digest waste protein costly $$ links to other health problems blood flow worse after high protein diet |
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How many calories does the basic Veg-Pyramid provide?
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1400-1500 calories
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Why does the Veg-Pyramid recommend more vegetables than fruits?
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vegetables are more nutrient dense and have more phytochemical content
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Why are milk and meat grouped together in the Veg-Pyramid?
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Milk and meat have similar amounts of protein per serving
also it emphasizes calcium in all food groups |
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Why does the veg-Pyramid recommend so many calcium-rich servings?
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calcium rich foods also count for toward servings from other food groups
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In the Veg-Pyramid, what is recommended for Omega-3?
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legumes, veggie oil
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In the Veg-Pyramid, what is recommended for Vit D?
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sunlight, supplements
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In the Veg-Pyramid, what is recommended for Vit B12
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Supplements (because it is only found in animal products)
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What is a vitamin?
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essential
non-caloric organic nutrient needed in diet -prevent chronic diseases -cure deficiencies |
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How are water soluble vitamins absorbed? fat-soluble vitamins?
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water: absorbed directly into blood
fat: absorbed like fats 1st into lymph then blood |
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How are water-soluble vitamins transported/stored? Fat-soluble?
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water: travel freely in watery liquids, not stored in body
fat: travel with protein carriers, stored in liver or fatty tissues |
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How are water-soluble vitamins excreted? fat-soluble?
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water: readily in urine
fat: not readily excreted, tends to build up in tissue (higher risk of toxicity) |
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How common is toxicity in water-soluble vitamins? fat-soluble?
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water: unlikely (possible with high dosage of supplements)
fat: likely from supplements but rarely from food |
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How much of water-soluble vitamins are required? fat-soluble?
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water: frequent doses (1-3 days) cuz you don't store it
fat: periodic doses (weeks-months) cuz body stores it |
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What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
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Vit K
Vit A Vit D Vit E *KADE* |
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What are the water-soluble vitamins?
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Vit C
Vit B -Thiamin -Riboflavin -Niacin -Folate -B12 -B6 |
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What are the major functions of Vit A?
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Vision
Maintenance of cornea epithelial cells mucous membranes skin bone/teeth growth regulation of gene expression reproduction immunity healthy cell division |
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What are the major functions of Vit D?
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mineralization for bones/teeth
Maintenance of Calcium in blood (increase absorption, decrease loss, release Ca from bone if needed) |
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What are the major functions of Vit E?
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antioxidant
protects polyunsaturated fatty acids protects cell membranes regulates oxidation reactions |
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What are the major functions of Vit K?
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synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins
*coagulation not antioxidant |
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What are the major functions of Vit C?
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Collagen synthesis
-strengthens blood vessel walls -forms scar tissue -provides matrix bone growth antioxidant restores Vit E to active form supports immune system boosts iron absorption |
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B Vitamins are...
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co-enzymes
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What are the major functions for Thiamin?
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energy metabolism
(nerve processes and muscle) |
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What are the major functions for Riboflavin
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energy metabolism
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What are the major functions for Folate?
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synthesize cells (new cells and DNA)
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What are the major functions for Vit B12?
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maintain nerve cell (sheath around cells)
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What are the major functions for Vit B6?
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part of coenzyme needed in amino acid/fatty acid metabolism
helps convert tryptophan to niacin/serotonin helps make hemoglobin |
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What are the major food sources for Vit A?
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fortified milk
liver carrots sweet potato apricots spinach **dark,leafy greens **dark orange |
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What are the major food sources for Vit D?
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fortified milk
enriched cereal tuna salmon shrimp cod-liver oil (sunlight) |
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What are the major food sources for Vit E?
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mayo
safflower oil, canola oil--veggie oils wheat germ sunflower seeds |
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What are the major food sources for Vit K?
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Cauliflower
cabbage spinach salad green (green leafy) soybean canola oil bacteria synthesis |
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What are the major food sources for Vit C?
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pretty much anything
OJ peppers grapefruit sweet potato brussel sprouts |
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What are the major food sources for Thiamin?
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enriched pastas
whole wheat bagel waffles peas pork chop baked potato |
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What are the major food sources for Riboflavin?
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milk
milk products |
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What are the major food sources for Niacin?
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whole grain
protein |
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What are the major food sources for Folate?
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uncooked veggies and fruits
synthetic folic acid in enriched grains beef liver |
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What are the major food sources for Vit B12?
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**animal sources
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What are the major food sources for B6?
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beef liver
baked potato banana chicken breast sweet potato spinach |
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What factor(s) enhance/interfere with Vit D?
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interfere:
advanced age air pollution city living clothing geography homebound season skin pigment sunscreen time of day |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit A
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night blindness
corneal drying blindness imparied bone growth, easily decayed teeth keratin lumps in skin impaired immunity |
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What is the name for Vit D deficiency?
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Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults) |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit D?
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abnormal bone growth (rickets)
soft bones (adults) |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit E?
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RBC damage
anemia nerve damage |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit K?
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hemorrhaging
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit C?
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small hemorrhaging
fatigue bleeding gums bruises unhealing wounds frequent infections rough blotchy skin |
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What is the name for Vit C deficiency?
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Scurvy
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Thiamin?
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edema
abnormal heart growth,function muscle trophy potentially fatal |
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What is the name for Thiamin deficiency?
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beri-beri
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Riboflavin?
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cracks at corner of mouth
smooth, swollen tongue sore throat skin rash |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Niacin?
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4 D's
diarrhea dermatitis dimentia death digestive problems flaky skin rash |
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What is the name for Niacin deficiency?
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Pellagra
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Folate?
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macrocytic anemia
anemia Neural tube defects |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit B12?
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anemia
macrocytic anemia (lack of intrinsic factor) pernicious anemia |
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What are the symptoms for the deficiency of Vit B6?
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small cell anemia
depression convulsions rashes |
