Nutrition Test 1

Front 1

Essential Nutrients are those that

Back 1

The body cannot make, at least in the amount required by the body, and they are required in the diet.

Front 2

Vitamins

Back 2

Less than one percent of the body, a little bit found in each cell.

Front 3

Carbohydrates

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Less than one percent in the body, stored in the muscles and the liver, is vital for fuel during brain exercise.

Front 4

Mineral

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Between 4-5 percent. Mainly in bones and teeth. Males have more than females and blacks more than whites.

Front 5

Protein

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18-20 percent, males have more than females because more muscle mass.

Front 6

Fat

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15-25 percent on average, the more body fat you have the less body water you have. Less fat on men then women.

Front 7

Water

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50-60 percent, more water on males then on females.

Front 8

Six classes of nutrients

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Water, Fat, Protein, Mineral, Vitamin, Carb.

Front 9

Food supplies nutrients that

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Provide energy, serve as building materials, and help to maintain and repair body parts.

Front 10

RDA

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Recommended dietary allowance, not a min or an average, supposed to be for all healthy people, for protein it is .8g/kg. for fiber it is 25 grams.

Front 11

Homeostasis

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This is the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions, like body temp and blood sugar.

Front 12

DRI

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Dietary reference intakes.

Front 13

Nutrients are used to

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Energy, structure and regulation

Front 14

Fluid Balance

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Controlled by cell. 2/3 fluid inside cell.

Front 15

Digestion

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the process by which food is broken down into a form that can be absorbed in the intestine.

Front 16

Absorption

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The process of moving the nutrients into the body and bloodstream.

Front 17

Two types of digestion

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Physical- the moving and grinding of food, blenderized in the stomach.
Chemical- the breakdown of food through the use of digestive enzymes, secreted in pancreas, needed to prepare for absorption.

Front 18

Villi

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The wall of the small intestine. Small capillaries within allow the absorbed nutrients to pass throughout the bottle.

Front 19

What happens to the food unabsorbed by the body?

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Goes to the large intestine and then comes out through the stool.

Front 20

Protein means?

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Primary

Front 21

How many Amino Acids? and how many are Essential?

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20 total and 9 essential.

Front 22

4 elements that make up the amino acid groups?

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Carbon- 4 bonds, Oxygen- 2 bonds, Hydrogen- 1 bond, Nitrogen-3 bonds.
Amino group is the N, the COOH is the Acid group.

Front 23

Over all structure of an amino acid.

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Amino group, Acid group and the R group. It is the variation in the R group that leads to different Amino Acids.

Front 24

How do proteins differ?

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They differ in the order of the Amino Acids within the protein. Same set of amino acids can still be different based on their order.

Front 25

Essential Amino Acids

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9 of them and they are required Amino Acids that cannot be made within the body. The other 11 can be made within the body.

Front 26

Source of EAA and NEAA?

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EAA is Eggs, whereas beans are NEAA.

Front 27

Function of a protein?

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Energy- potential energy within the actual chemical bonds, released in form of heat or cal. Structure- bone and connective tissue need protein. Regulation- New hair, some hormones, all enzymes which then allow the body to function, immune system and fluid balance.

Front 28

Protein digestion?

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No need to chew food, stomach can take care of it! Stomach is the location for physical digestion, the protein structure unfolds, in small intestine the digestive enzyme from pancreas, protease, breaks down and releases the specific amino acids. Lastly, the individual amino acids are absorbed into the intestinal walls.

Front 29

Usage of protein within the body?

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Huge amount of individual AA within the blood, and every body part knows which ones they need. If an NEAA is missing the body can make it, if an EAA is missing then there is a problem.

Front 30

Protein turnover

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allows our bodies to make more of a protein that we need immediatly and less of a noncrucial one.

Front 31

Dead end proteins

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Body doesn't get these proteins back after they are made- hair, skin, nails and stool.

Front 32

Fast protein turnover rates?

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Intestine, blood/ immune system.

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Medium protein turnover rates?

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Muscle and skin

Front 34

Slow protein turnover rates?

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Brain and central nervous system.

Front 35

Storage of protein?

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The body cannot store excess protein so it turns it into fat, and the let over nitrogen comes out of the body in the urine.

Front 36

Where is the Nitrogen dealt with?

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Within the kidney the nitrogen is turned into Urea and then peed out.

Front 37

Carbon Skeleton?

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The protein without the nitrogen attached, contains energy within the chemical bonds. Body gets about 4 calories for every gram of protein. The unused is made into fat, which your body can store.

Front 38

Usefulness of protein supplement?

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Not useful, such a small amount it is almost meaningless. The supplement does not increase protein synthesis.

Front 39

Stages of growth?

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Fetal development- lots of protein needed because there is a growth in number of cells. Even when a child is still young huge amounts of protein are needed because the cells are now growing in size.

Front 40

Consequences of protein deficiency in early development?

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During early development protein deficiency can result in mental retardation and stunted growth.

Front 41

Protein deficiency problems for a kid, teen or adult?

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Edema- retention of fluid, Intestinal problems, Distended abdomen, infections, kwashiorkor, and protein-calorie malnutrition.

Front 42

Three step process for determining RDA for protein?

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Compute the minimum required for an average person, adjust the figure to account for population variability, and adjust the figure for protein quality.

Front 43

RDA for protein equation?

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.8g/kg per day x weight of person, same for men and women.

Front 44

Factors that change needs for proteins?

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Growth, the young have a greater need for protein relative to their body mass. Pregnancy and lactation, injury and illness, exercise.

Front 45

Daily value of protein?

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50 grams.

Front 46

Complete protein?

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contains all amino acids in the amount needed for the body, and is protein digestible, beef, fish, egg, etc.

Front 47

Incomplete protein?

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Doesn't have all the EAA's in amount needed in the proportion for the body- oats, kidney beans etc.

Front 48

PER

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weight gained/ protein eaten, the higher the PER, the better quality protein.

Front 49

Chemical score?

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The score is the limiting EAA, with the lowest ratio to that of the perfect, egg, the lowest one times 10.

Front 50

Limiting amino acid

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the essential Amino Acid in a food protein in the lowest amount relative to need.

Front 51

Protein requirements of EAA for kids vs. Adults.

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Much greater need for the EAA's for kids in proportion to RDA of protein for kids then adults so an adult can get all needed from beans but it would take an insane amount of beans to satisfy the needs of a kid.

Front 52

Energy

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The ability to do work, either metabolic or physical.

Front 53

How food goes through the body

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Break down the chemical bonds in the macronutrients: proteins, carbs and fat, then we release energy in the form of heat and then we release the excess CO2.

Front 54

Calorie

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Release of heat, the heat needed to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius.

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Physiological Fuel Value for food

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Fat- 9 kcal/g, Protein- 4 kcal/g, carb- 4kcal/g nothing else has the Physiological Fuel Value.

Front 56

Lost energy from the foods you eat.

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5 percent of fat and carb lost to stool, 10 percent of protein lost to stool and nitrogen lost in urine.

Front 57

Determining Energy needs?

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BMR+ TEF + Activity + and for a kid growth is included.

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BMR

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The amount to energy, heat and calories needed to keep body functions going like heart beat and breathing... 1.0kcal/kghr for man and .9kcal/kghr for women

Front 59

TEF

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amount of food needed to digest and assimilate, .05(BMR+Activity+Weight gain/loss)

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Weight gain or loss

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3500 calories = 1lb

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Factors that change BMR

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Age- older you get the lower it is, fasting can also lower your BMR, Exercise raises your BMR

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Levels of Activity and percentage of BMR

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Sedentary- 30 percent, Light- 50 percent, Moderate- 70 percent, and strenuous is 100 percent.

Front 63

Meaning of Carbohydrate

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Hydrated Carbon

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Plants make carbs by...

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trapping the suns energy via photosynthesis.

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Sources of carbs

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Vegetables, potatoes, apples, wheat, sugar and even milk.

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Monosaccharides

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Simple sugars, simple carbohydrates. Glucose- basic sugar unit- sugar and starch, 1/2 table sugar. Fructose- fruit sugar. Galactose- 1/2 milk sugar.

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Disaccharides

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Also simples, Sucrose- which is one glucose and one fructose bonded- cookies, candies and soda. Maltose- 2 glucose molecules linked, bean sprouts. Lactose- one glucose and one galactose, in milk.

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Honey

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Supersaturated mixture of sugar and water, higher in fructose content, also contains glucose and some sucrose.

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Polysaccharides

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many simple sugars linked together, complex carbohydrates: starch, fiber and glycogen.

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Starch

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Made up of hundred of glucose linked together, most common polysaccharide in food in wheat, rice, barley, corn, potatoes, when fruit ripens the starch within turns to fructose.

Front 71

Fiber

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Made up also of tons of glucose units, but differently linked. Non digestible. Has potential energy!

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Glycogen

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Not found in food, only in mammal muscles and liver. Long glucose chains.

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Carb digestion

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Comes through mouth, some starch is mixed into maltose, then in stomach it is blenderized, then the pancreas releases enzymes (maltase, lactase, sucrase etc.) Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides, then as monosaccharides they are absorbed by intestine walls.

Front 74

Lactose intolerance

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When lactase is in low amounts or missing then the lactase cant be absorbed and causes intestinal problems like gas, bloating and cramping.

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What is fiber?

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Found in plants, undigestible, plant cell wall, contains unavailable potential energy.

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Water Insoluble fiber

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Vegis, grain kernels, hold water and bulks up, it pushes against the intestinal wall which in return causes the colon to push back, this speeds the passage of waste comes out easy as a soft bulky stool.

Front 77

Low fiber diets-

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effort to expel waste, this straining causes hemorrhoids, waste collects on the cell walls and could be allow more cancerous waste to remain on intestinal walls. Also causes diverticulitis.

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Diverticulitis

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when the lining of the intestinal wall becomes inflamed and forms small pouches and this leads to inflammation and cramping.

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Water-soluble fiber

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Gum and pectins, contained in jams, kidney beans etc. Forms a gel, makes you feel full longer, can lead to weight loss. Lowers cholesterol.

Front 80

DV and RDA of Fiber

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The DV is 25 g, the RDA is 38 for men and 25 for women.

Front 81

Diverticulitis

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when the lining of the intestinal wall becomes inflamed and forms small pouches and this leads to inflammation and cramping.

Front 82

Water-soluble fiber

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Gum and pectins, contained in jams, kidney beans etc. Forms a gel, makes you feel full longer, can lead to weight loss. Lowers cholesterol.

Front 83

DV and RDA of Fiber

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The DV is 25 g, the RDA is 38 for men and 25 for women.