Nutrition Test 1

Front 1

If glycolysis and gluconeogenesis both occurred at the same time, the lose of energy would be --- ATP

Back 1

4 ATP

Front 2

To prevent a waste of futile energy, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are

Back 2

reciprocally regulated

Front 3

Local control includes reciprocal allosteric regulation by

Back 3

adenine nucleotides

Front 4

Phosphofructokinase (glycolysis) is inhibited by ---- and stimulated by ----

Back 4

ATP, AMP

Front 5

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by

Back 5

AMP

Front 6

The opposite effects of adenine nucleotides on phosphofructokinase&
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate insures that when cellular ATP is high (AMP would then be low) that....

Back 6

glucose is not degraded to make ATP

Front 7

When ATP is high, it is more useful to the cell to store glucose as

Back 7

glycogen

Front 8

When ATP is low (AMP is high) the cell does not

Back 8

expend energy when making glucose

Front 9

Global control in liver cells includes reciprocal effects of a cyclic AMP cascade, triggered by

Back 9

the hormone glucagon when blood glucose is low

Front 10

Phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins in liver by protein kinase A (cAMP dependent protein kinase) results in

Back 10

inhibition of glycolysis, stimulation of gluconeogenesis, making glucose available to the blood

Front 11

oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms and the oxidation of some amino acids generates as the terminal oxidation product:

Back 11

propionyl CoA

Front 12

propionyl CoA is converted to the TCA intermediate---- by the enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase then methylmalonyl CoA epimerase, then methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Back 12

succinyl CoA

Front 13

storage form of glucose in liver and muscle

Back 13

glycogen (alpha 1,4 bonds and alpha 1,6 branches)

Front 14

Glycogenolysis: in liver, phosphorylase is stimulated by

Back 14

glucagon or epineprhine

Front 15

glycogenolysis: in muscles, phosphorylase is only stimuated by ---- which

Back 15

epinephrine which does not contribute to blood glucose- done only for the muscle consumption of the glucose

Front 16

The body produces the 11 non-essential amino acids by a process called

Back 16

transamination

Front 17

9-10 essential amino acids must be provided

Back 17

in the diet

Front 18

The product of transamination reactions depends on the availabilty of alpha keto acids. They are usually

Back 18

alanine, aspartate or glutamate

Front 19

Contains amine, hydrogen, carboxyl group, and R group (variant)

Back 19

Amino acid

Front 20

Group of amino acids form:

Back 20

Protein is built from

Front 21

DNA is transcribed into

Back 21

RNA is formed from

Front 22

RNA is translated into

Back 22

Protein in translated from

Front 23

Genes in DNA are transcribed into RNA by

Back 23

RNA polymerase

Front 24

catalyze chemical reactions, cell metabolism and growth, DNA, RNA replication, transcription, translation

Back 24

Enzymes

Front 25

cell membrane proteins forming receptors for hormones etc.

Back 25

Cell signaling

Front 26

affect permeability of cells, form ion channels, etc

Back 26

cell signaling

Front 27

generally fibrous proteins such as keratin, collagen, elastin, myosin of muscle

Back 27

structural proteins

Front 28

in animals, amino acids are obtained through

Back 28

the consumption of right proteins

Front 29

ingested proteins are broken down through digestion, which typically involves denaturation of the protein through exposure to acids and hydrolysis by enzymes called

Back 29

proteases

Front 30

animals makes glucose from precursors in this process

Back 30

gluconeogenesis

Front 31

Precursors to glucose

Back 31

pyruvate, lactic acid

Front 32

All TCA cycle intermediates enter as

Back 32

Oxaloacetate

Front 33

Break down of glucose

Back 33

glycolysis

Front 34

In glycolysis, glucose is converted into

Back 34

2 pyruvates

Front 35

Glycolysis requires ------ and yields ----- which results in a net of ------- and -------

Back 35

2 ATP, 4 ATP, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Front 36

Glycolysis yields --- ATP

Back 36

2

Front 37

Gluconeogenesis expends --- ATP

Back 37

6

Front 38

Types of animal feed

Back 38

Vitamin, Mineral, Additives, Plant tissues, Animal Tissues

Front 39

Plant tissue feed is composed of

Back 39

seed or stalk and leaf

Front 40

animal tissue feed is composed of

Back 40

dead animal or reproductive parts

Front 41

mineral feed is composed of

Back 41

a combination or single mineral

Front 42

vitamin feed is composed of

Back 42

a combination or single vitamin

Front 43

additive feed is composed of

Back 43

antibiotics or growth promotants

Front 44

An ear of corn averages ---- kernels in 16 rows

Back 44

800

Front 45

a pound of corn consists of approximately ----- kernels

Back 45

1300

Front 46

a bushel of shelled corn weighs apx

Back 46

56 lbs

Front 47

a bushel of corn on the ear weighs apx

Back 47

70 lbs

Front 48

in the us, corn production measures more than ---- times more than any other crop

Back 48

2

Front 49

some species of wheat are ---- with two sets of chromosome, but many are ----- with 4 or 6

Back 49

diploid, polyploid

Front 50

very hard, translucent, light colored grain used to make semolina flour for pasta

Back 50

durum

Front 51

hard, brownish, high protein wheat used for bread and hard baked goods. bread flours and high gluten flours are commonly made from this. Dakotas and Minnesota

Back 51

hard red spring

Front 52

hard, brownish, mellow high protein wheat used for bread, hard bakes goods, and as an adjunct in other flours to increase protein in pastry flour for pie crusts. Kansas, OK area

Back 52

hard red winter

Front 53

soft, low protein wheat used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits and muffins. Cake flour, pastry flour, and some self-rising flours with baking powder and salt added for example, are made from this wheat. Plains and US Chicago Board of Trade variety.

Back 53

soft red winter

Front 54

hard, light colored, opaque, chalky, medium protein wheat planted in dry, temperate areas. used for bread and brewing

Back 54

hard white winter

Front 55

soft, light colored, very low protein wheat grown in temperate moist areas. used for pie crusts and pastries. pastry flour, for example, is sometimes made from this wheat

Back 55

soft white winter

Front 56

cereal grain grown in pacific northwest

Back 56

barley

Front 57

cereal grains

Back 57

barley, corn, wheat

Front 58

cereal grain often grown as cover crop for alfalfa

Back 58

oats

Front 59

cereal grain not often used as animal feed in USA but by products can be used

Back 59

rice

Front 60

the hard outer layer of grain and is often produced as a by product of milling in the production of refined grains. tends to be high in fat; less digestible

Back 60

bran

Front 61

protects grain seed, Fiber, B vitamins, trace minerals

Back 61

bran

Front 62

part of grain: primarily starch, some protein, provides energy, carbohydrates

Back 62

endosperm

Front 63

where the majority of oil is in most seeds; produces micronutrients, nourishment for the seed, vitamin E, antioxidants, B vitamins

Back 63

germ

Front 64

Oil seeds

Back 64

Cottonseed, Sunflower, Soy

Front 65

high protein with extremely good profile of essential amino acids-- especially lysine. must be processed because they contain a trypsin inhibitor which blocks proteolysis

Back 65

oil seeds

Front 66

a trypsin inhibitor blocks ---- which will result in an animal having -----

Back 66

proteolysis, diarrhea

Front 67

whole soybeans
----% protein
----% fat

Back 67

39% protein
19%fat

Front 68

oil removed from a whole soybean yields

Back 68

soybean meal

Front 69

soybean meal is either ----% or ----% protein

Back 69

44% or 48%

Front 70

44% protein soybean meal means that-------
48% protein soybean meal means that ------

Back 70

44%- still had hulls when processed
48% beans were dehulled when oil was extracted

Front 71

often still has lint on it that was not removed

Back 71

cotton seed

Front 72

cotton seed must be limited in diet because of

Back 72

gossypol

Front 73

gossypol causes

Back 73

sterilization esp in males

Front 74

Rapeseed. Canadians bred a low erusic acid rapeseed. protein source used in northwest US and canada

Back 74

canola

Front 75

oil is often more valuable than

Back 75

seed

Front 76

animals tend to get the ---- once oil is removed from seed

Back 76

meal

Front 77

remove oil by ---- ------ or --------- using an expeller press under great pressure and some heat

Back 77

hexane extraction, squeeze it out

Front 78

corn grain= ----% protein, ----% fat, ----% starch

Back 78

9% protein, 4% fat, 70% starch

Front 79

fix nitrogen from air, symboisis with nitrogen fixing bacteria

Back 79

legumes

Front 80

alfalfa, birds foot trefoil, clovers, soybeans

Back 80

legumes (forages)

Front 81

18-22% protein, very digestible, very palatable. bloat potential for ruminants

Back 81

alfalfa

Front 82

cool season grasses- put glucose together using three carbon units- bluegrass, rye, orchardgrass, 7-22% protein depending on maturity, palatable

Back 82

forages

Front 83

warm season grasses- put glucose together using 4 carbon pathway- prairie grasses, indian grass, bluestem, coastal bermuda, and CORN, 5-14% protein, can get fairly indigestible when mature

Back 83

forages

Front 84

pasture= -----% water, -----% dry matter

Back 84

85-90% water, 15-20% dry matter

Front 85

cut forage, dry in sun for 1-2 days, rake into windrows, press into bale. ----% dry matter

Back 85

hay, 90% dry matter

Front 86

cut forage and let dry partially or chop corn while still green but 33-37% dry matter. pack into silo to exclude air. anaerobic fermentation produces lactic and other acids. pH drops low enough to prevent other bacteria, fungi, from growing, preserving the nutritive value, pack into upright silos, bunker silos, plastic bags

Back 86

Silage

Front 87

not a nutrient, but is a property contributed to the animal by 3 dietary components: fat, carbs, protein

Back 87

energy

Front 88

energy comes from what three main components?

Back 88

fat, protein, carbs

Front 89

energy is measured in ---- or -----

Back 89

calories or joules

Front 90

1 calorie is the energy required to

Back 90

raise 1 g water from 16.5 C to 17.5 C

Front 91

1000 cal= ? Kcal

Back 91

1

Front 92

1 C =

Back 92

1000 cal or 1 Kcal

Front 93

1000 Kcal= ? Mcal

Back 93

1

Front 94

1 kg= ? lbs

Back 94

2.2

Front 95

1mg/kg= ? ppm

Back 95

1 ppm

Front 96

1 lb= ? g= ? ounces

Back 96

454g= 16 ounces

Front 97

1 oz= ? g

Back 97

28.3g

Front 98

1 fl oz= ml

Back 98

29.5ml

Front 99

1 cal= ? joules

Back 99

4.184 joules

Front 100

1 kcal= ? joules

Back 100

4.184 kjoules

Front 101

1 USP unit= ? IU

Back 101

1 IU

Front 102

maintenance energy is when you are

Back 102

sitting

Front 103

animal goes into a sealed chamber and all heat produced over a period of time is measured

Back 103

direct calorimetry

Front 104

calculates heat that living organisms produce from their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (urea) or from consumption of oxygen

Back 104

indirect calorimetry

Front 105

energy requirement for a normal animal in a complete resting state (cage or crate) thermoneutral environment, awake, and in a post absorptive fasting state

Back 105

basal energy requirement (not really what we focus on)

Front 106

BER=

Back 106

K value (BWkg)^0.75

Front 107

K values for
reptiles:
marsupials
placental mammals
non-passerine birds
passerine (perching) birds

Back 107

reptiles: 10
marsupials: 49
placental mammals: 70
non passerine birds: 78
passerine: 129

Front 108

energy requirement for a normal animal with moderate activity (indoor house pets, livestock housed in indoor pens) thermoneutral environment, awake and in a fed state

Back 108

maintenance energy requirement

Front 109

includes the energy needed to ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients plus the heat increment needed to digest and metabolize them

Back 109

maintenance energy requirement

Front 110

equals total (daily) energy requirement for adult animals without extra additions for intense activity, environment, or reproduction

Back 110

maintenance energy requirement

Front 111

allows for additions above maintenance ER (growth, lactation, gestation, activity, environments

Back 111

daily or total energy requirement

Front 112

gross energy determined in

Back 112

calorimeter

Front 113

gross energy of consumption: FAT

Back 113

9.4 kcal/g

Front 114

gross energy of consumption: PROTEINS

Back 114

5.7 kcal/g

Front 115

gross energy of consumption: CARBS

Back 115

4.1 kcal/g

Front 116

total energy given off when burning

Back 116

gross energy

Front 117

gross energy - fecal=

Back 117

digestible energy sometimes called apparent digestible energy

Front 118

digestible energy- urinary and methane=

Back 118

metabolizable energy

Front 119

heat increment=

Back 119

energy lost during digestion

Front 120

metabolizable energy- heat increment=

Back 120

net energy

Front 121

net energy of a feed that can be used for growth is termed

Back 121

NEgain

Front 122

net energy-maintenance=

Back 122

productive (milk and body gain)

Front 123

dairy and beef cattle, sheep, goats= we used which energy for calculations

Back 123

net energy

Front 124

swine and poultry= we use which energy for calculations?

Back 124

metabolizable energy

Front 125

dogs, cats, horses, fish, humans= we use which energy for calculations

Back 125

mostly digestible energy, some feeds use metabolizable energy

Front 126

maintenance energy for most mammals

Back 126

~ 120 kcal/kg BW ^ 0.75

Front 127

highest energy requirements is during:

Back 127

egg laying, lactation