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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when does adipose growth by hyperplasia vs. hypertrophy occur?
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hyperplasia: times of major growth & excessive caloric intake
hypertrophy: excessive caloric intake |
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characteristics of adipocytes WRT location:
subQ vs. visceral/intra-abd |
1) subQ: smaller, pick up/release free FA into gen circulation
2) visceral: larger, more sensistive to adrenergic stimulation, higher metabolic activity, release FAs into portal v. |
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what changes do you see in adipocytes w/ wt reduction?
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# of adipocytes doesn't change, just size
hypertrophic obesity easier to handle than hyperplastic |
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what type of obesity is linked to greatest health risks (HTN, CVD, hyperinsulinemia, DM)?
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amt of visceral adipose tissue - b/c of more direct effect on liver metabolism
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how is obesity assessed?
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excess adiposity, NOT weight!
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what is the most direct way to estimate body fat?
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underwater weighing and dual engery x-ray absorptimetry - research techniques, not in normal clinics
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what are indirect estimates of body fat that can be done in a normal office?
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skinfold thickness, bioelectric resistance
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what is BMI, and how is it calculated?
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an estimate of body fat: kg/m^2
assumes normal body composition (ie, normal lean body mass), same for all ages |
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what are the BMI ranges for overweight, obese, and morbidly obese?
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overwt: 25-30
obese: 30 medically signif obese: 35 morbidly obese: 45 |
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what does pear shaped vs. apple shaped obesity indicate?
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pear shaped = ↑ lower body obesity = ↑ subQ fat (often in women)
apple shaped = ↑ upper body fat = ↑ visceral > subQ fat |
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what are the short term regulators of energy balance?
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hunger/satiety
neural mediators active during cephalic phase CCK, pancreatic glucagon, insulin, bombesin, somatostatin, glucagon-like peptide, ghrelin |
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what are the short term regulators of energy balance?
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wt maintenance & energy expenditure
CNS 1) inhibit intake, stimulate activity: leptin, serotonin, bombesin, glucagons 2) stimulate intake: neuropeptide Y, galanin, opioids |
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what are genes associated w/ obesity?
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ob gene
leptin & leptin R genes |
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what are causes of obesity?
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genetic factors
neuroendocrine d/o's environmental factors -dietary excess -physical inactivity |
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what are some cahnges in the eating environment that has led to ↑ intake in recent years?
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1) variety of foods available = ↑ intake
2) easier access to foods 3) ↑ portion size |
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does obesity cause mortality?
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not by itself; ↑ mortality due to aggravation of co-morbid conditions.
obesity also = ↑ healing time in surgery |
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how many calories are in a lb of fat?
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3500
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what is a healthy rate of weight loss?
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1-3 lbs/week
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