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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six classes of nutrients?
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• carbohydrates
• fats (lipids) • proteins • vitamins • minerals • water |
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Which nutrients provide energy?
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• carbohydrates
• fat • protein |
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What is the role of vitamins and minerals, in regards to energy?
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• Vitamins do not provide energy but faciliate the release of energy
• Minerals yield no energy but regulate the release of energy |
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Energy metabolisms centers on what four basic units?
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• Glucose (from carbohydrates)
• Glycerol (from lipids) • Fatty acids (from lipids) • Amino Acids (from protein) |
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How many calories do a normal adult need?
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• ~25 cal of fuel/kg of body weight
• average 70 kg person needs 2100 cal/day |
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What is the recommended daily allowance of carbs, fats, & protein?
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• CHO = 55%
• Lipids = 30% • Protein = 15% |
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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the production of glucose from protein & glycerol of lipids when glucose in insufficient
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How much energy does fat supply?
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• 9 kcal/gm for fat
• glucose & protein supply 4 kcal/gm |
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What happens to proteins & fats during starvation?
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proteins & fats are metabolized, overloading the kreb cycle, causing acidosis & ketones
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What are the 9 essential amino acids?
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• Histidine
• Isoleucine • Leucine • Lysine • Methionine • Phenylalanine • Threonine • Tryptophan • Valine |
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Describe the starvation process
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• glycogen is burned; lactate is produced (process ends in 1 day)
• gluconeogenesis forms amino acids (used up in 1 week) • free fatty acids become main source of energy (produced ketone bodies which are metabolized in the liver) • protein is used from organs and tissue (causing organ dysfunction & death) |
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What are the functions of the fat-soluble vitamins?
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• Vit A: healthy skin & mucous membrane; vision in dim light
• Vit D: absorption of calcium & phosphorus; mineralization of bone • Vit E: protection of cells • Vit K: blood clotting |
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Which vitamins are water soluble?
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vitamin C and the B-complex
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List the B complex vitamins
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• Thiamine (Vit B1)
• Riboflavin (Vit B2) • Niacin (Vit B3) • Pantothenic Acid (Vit B5) • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) • Biotin (Vit B7) • Folate (Vit B9) • Cobalmin (Vit B12) |
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What are early symptoms of vitamin toxicity?
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• cracked lips, dry rough skin
• complex tingling • urinary calculi |
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What percentage of dehydration will a person start to feel thirsty?
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2% dehydrated
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What are some functions of minerals?
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• bone formation
• cellular function (ex. cardiac cells) • insulin production • nerve/muscle function • regulatory function • tooth formation |
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What is Scurvy?
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• vitaminc C deficiency
• causes hemorrhages |
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What is Beriberi?
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• thiamin deficiency
• either wet (cardiovascular effects) or dry (neuro effects like wenicke-korsakoff) |
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What is Pellagra?
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• niacin deficiency
• triad: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia |
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What can vitamin D deficiency cause?
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• Rickets (in kids)
• Osteomyalgia (in adults) |
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What can vitamin A deficiency cause?
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• may cause blindness (especially night blindness)
• early symptom may be Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) |
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What is Kwashiokor?
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• protein deficiency
• presents w/ swollen abdomen, reddish discoloration of the hair, depigmented skin, & miserable appearnace w/ "bull-dog" face |
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What is marasmus?
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• lacking all nutrients
• presents w/ dry skin, loose skin folds hanging over the glutei & axillae |
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What nutrients are lacking in osteomalacia?
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• calcium
• vitamin D • phosphorus • magnesium • fluoride |
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What nutrients are lacking in osteoporosis?
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calcium and vitamin D
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Patient presents with pallor & blue half circles beneath the eyes. What are possible defiencies?
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• iron
• copper • zinc • B12 • B6 • Biotin |
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A patient with bumpy "gooseflesh" can be cause by what vitamin deficiency?
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vitamin A
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Glossitis can be caused by what vitamin deficiency?
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folic acid
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A patient with many "black & blue" spots and tiny, red "pin prick" hemorrhages under the skin can have what vitamin deficiency?
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vitamin C
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Poorly shaped bones/teeth OR delayed appearance of teeth in children can be caused by what vitamin deficiency?
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vitamin C
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a) Describe a Chvostek and Trousseau sign.
b) What deficiency causes a Chvostek or Trousseau sign? |
• Chvostek sign: taping of the face causes spasm
• Trousseau sign: inflated B/P cuff after 3 minutes causes spasm of the hand • caused by calcium deficiency |
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What deficiency causes tetany?
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calcium, potassium, sodium
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What is steatorrhea?
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• fat in stool greater than normal amount
• normal person excretes 5 gms/24 hrs on 80 gm fat diet |
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What is pancreatic insufficiency?
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• the end result of chronic inflammation of the pancreas
• lack of production of pancreatic enzymes which help digest CHO (amylase), fat (lipase), & protein (trypsin) |
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What is Celiac Sprue?
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• malabsortion of Gluten (found in wheat, rye, oats, & barley)
• affects the proximal portion of the small bowel • symptoms usually appear in infancy, disappear in childhood, & reappear in 30-60 y/o |
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What are characteristics of Tropical Sprue?
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• malabsorption of nutrients (especially vit B12 and folic acid) because of flattened villi
• found in tropical regions • an overgrowth of coliform bacteria within the jejunum has been demonstrated • TX: broad spectrum antibiotics (tetracycline) & folic acid daily |
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What is Whipple's Disease?
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• a rare infectious disease
• 1st symptoms are malabsorption syndrome w/ small intestine involvement, but also affects joints, CNS, and cardiovascular system • caused by Tropheryma whippelii • TX: PCN, tetracycline |
