Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Give an example of a diet sensitive disease
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
Give an example of a diet -induced disease
|
atopy
|
|
|
Which nutritent is linked to DCM in cats?
|
taurine
|
|
|
Is taurine important in the pathogenesis of DCM in dogs?
|
No - taruine is a non-essential amino acid in dogs, most dogs with DCM do not have taurine deficiency.
|
|
|
When do you see taurine deficiency in dogs?
|
when they're on high fiber, lamb and rice or low protein diets
|
|
|
Which breeds are at increased risk for developing DCM?
|
Cocker Spaniel, Newfies, Dalmation, Goldens, Labs, American Bulldogs, PWD
|
|
|
how does hepatic lipidosis develop in cats?
|
Anorexia --> fat mobilization --> incorporation of fat into hepatocytes --> hepatocytes stop functioning
|
|
|
What are the cornerstones of a renal diet?
|
1. Alleviate clinical signs of uremia (low protein)
2. Minimize electrolyte imbalances (Potassium) 3. Slow progression of kidney failure (low phosphorus) |
|
|
Consequences of obesity:
|
Hypertension, Osteoarthritis, Dyslipidemia, Type II diabetes, Coronary heart disease, Stroke, gallbladder disease, Sleep apnea and respiratory problems, some cancers
|
|
|
What is a zoometric or morphometric assessment?
|
Quantitative assessment of physical parameters (body weight, length, circumference).
Easy and inexpensive. Not dependent on individual interpretation, but it is dependent on accuracy |
|
|
Outline one system of morphometric assessment for cats
|
% BF = 66.715 - 0.061(BMI)
BMI = L^2/W L from nose to base of tail W = body weight in kgs |
|
|
Outline one system of morphometric assessment for dogs
|
%BF = -12.937 + O.696 (AG)
AG = abdominal girth (circumference at 5th to 6th lumbar vertebra) |
|
|
What is BCS?
|
Semiquantitative assessment of body fat. Concentrates on body fat, not lean muscle mass. Subjective and operator dependent
|
|
|
What is overcoat syndrome?
|
Discrepancy between fat stores and lean muscle mass - the pet has more fat than lean muscle mass. Common in sick cats (epaxial muscles are atrophied, but they still have abdominal fat)
|
|
|
What is required on a pet food label?
|
1. Guaranteeed analysis (min protein and fat, max fiber and moisture)
2. ingredients (listed by decreasing weight) 3. Manufacturer's contact information 4. Feeding directions 5. Nutritional adequacy statement (which life stage, formulation or feeding trials) |
|
|
Who governs pet food regulation?
|
State governments, but most have accepted the Uniform State Feed Bill developed by AAFCO
|
|
|
Give two accepted methods for determining nutrient content of a pet food
|
LABORATORY ANALYSIS - most accurate method, analysis on the finished product; CALCULATION - calculates the average nutrient content of the food's ingredients using standard tables, does not address nutrient losses with processing and the quality (digestibility/availability) is based on an average.
|
|
|
Things you don't have to include on a pet food label
|
Calorie content, exact levels of nutrients, digestibility and bioavailability
|
|
|
Nutritional goals with CKD
|
1. control clinical signs of uremia (protein reduction)
2. minimize disturbances ass'd with fluid, electrolyte and acid-nase balance 3. support adequate nutrition 4. modify progression of CKD |
|
|
Which stages of CKD is it best to intervene nutritionally
|
two or three - intervening before stage three increases life expectancy
|
|
|
Dietary considerations for stage 4 CKD?
|
Protein restriction important to prevent uremia
Gradual transition to renal diet is more difficult Palatability problems with low protein diets |
|
|
What can you do to improve palatability or increase success of dietary transition?
|
change diet gradually - mix or two bowl technique
can use canned products, heat food, low salt gravy mix, tuna water or clam juice |
|
|
Give some examples of renal diets
|
hills k/d, Royal Canin, Purina NF
|
|
|
Give an example fo a renal diet that is moderately protein restricted
|
Eukanuba Early and Royal Canin
|
|
|
What is the step-wise approach to renal secondary HPTH
|
1. Dietary P restriction
2. intestinal P binders 3. Calcitriol |
|
|
Why is assisted feeding important for advanced CKD?
|
in adequate caloric intake causes catabolism of muscle --> debilitated patients are prone to decompensation of renal function. You can feed the renal diet or supplement water. Easier to medicate cats.
|
|
|
Dissollution of struvites in dogs?
|
1. Antibiotics (clavamox)
2. Dissolution diet (Hills s/d canned, Royal Canin S/O) |
|
|
Dissolution of struvites in cats?
|
dependent on surface area or uroliths
|
|
|
Prevention of canine struvite urolithiasis?
|
1. Prevent and treat UTI promptly (UA and culture q 1-2 months)
2. Struvite prevenative diets recommended for <1-2 months, then used to help monitor pH |
|
|
Goals in prevention of calcium oxalate uroliths?
|
- CANNED diets (USG <1.025)
- Absence of CaO crystalluria in fresh UA - Urine pH 6.5-7.0 (K+ citrate) - hydroclorothiazide can be added to Na restricted diet if CaOx stones keep recurring |
|
|
Diets for preventing CaOx urolithiasis
|
Dual struvite/CaOx prevention diets - Hills u/d, w/d, Royal Canin S/O,
***All renal diets are protein restricted! - not good for CaOx prevention because low P exacerbates disease (however, CRD trumps CaOx) |
|
|
Why don't you want to make urine too acidic?
|
Chronic overacidification indicated chronic metabolic acidosis --> bone buffering of pH draws out more Ca2+ and causes CaOx precipitates in urine
|
|
|
What dietary modifications can be made to prevent Feline Idiopathic Cystitis?
|
No proven prophylactic therapy.
Increasing water content of diet (canned food) may help. Diets which reduce struvite crystaluria reduce incidence of recurrent obstruction (does not prevent FIC) |
|
|
Controversy over Na content of reline renal diets
|
maybe not as important as marketing would lead us to believe
|
|
|
What dietary component is most important to preventing progression of CKD?
|
Phosphorous
|
|
|
Which dietarty component is most important to preventing signs of uremia?
|
Protein
|
|
|
Which type of diabetes is predominately found in dogs?
|
Type I - insulin-dependent
|
|
|
These factors decrease tissue sensitivity to insulin and are increased in obese animals
|
Leptin and TNF-alpha
|
|
|
these factors increase tissue sensitivity to insulin and are decreased in obese animals
|
adiponectin
|
|
|
Nutritional goals for diabetic patients?
|
Blunt post-parandial hyperglycemia
Support altered nutrient needs Improve peripheral insulin sensitivity Avoid diabetic complications Coordinate peak nutrient uptake with insulin activity Control body weight Attempt diabetic remission (cats only) |
|
|
Methods to achieve nutritional goals for diabetic patients
|
CONSISTENCY! Doesn't matter what they eat as much as the consistency of routine, calorie intake and ingredients
|
|
|
What role does fiber play in diabetes management?
|
Aids in glycemic control by promoting slow and sustained GI absorption of glucose after meals.
|
|
|
soluble or insoluble fiber for veterinary patients?
|
usually use a mixed diet.
|
|
|
Which animals benefit most from addition of fiber into their diets?
|
unregulated (newly diagnosed) diabetics
|
|
|
side effects of high fiber diets?
|
inc stool volume
food refusal (not as palatable as high protein/high fat diets) diarrhea weight loss or inability to gain weight |
|
|
What approach would you take to nutrition in a diabetic cat?
|
Low carbohydrate diet - improves weight loss, improves glycemic control and may help cat achieve remission
|
|
|
carbohydrate sources with lower glycemic index in cats
|
corn, sorghum, oats, barley
|
|
|
what should you avoid in diets for diabetic cats?
|
fructose-based diets - cats lack hepatic fructokinase activity
|
|
|
what's a cheap option to increase protein and decrease carbs in a cat's diet?
|
canned foods - MUST FEED THE SAME ONE EVERY DAY!
|
|
|
Why is weight control important to managing diabetic patients?
|
weight loss decreases the need for insulin dose up to 20%
|
|
|
Which micronutrients are important to diabetic patients?
|
Carnitine (protects muscles from catabolism)
Chromium (inc rate of glucose clearance from blood, does not improve glycemic control in dogs) Vanadium (similar to chromium) |
|
|
What are some dietary factors associated with DOD?
|
excess energy, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, other nutrients (lipids)
|
|
|
list some differences in the feeding behaviors of dogs and cats
|
cats - strict carnivores, feed during day and night, no social value to meal
dog - omnivore, glutton feeders, feed during daylight, social value to meal |
|
|
what's the evolutionary advantage to learned taste aversion?
|
dogs learn to eat based on nutrient content.
Omnivores and herbivores will choose foods to avoid deficiencies. |
|
|
Which factors affect feline feeding behavior?
|
taste - sensitive to bitter, not to sweet
**smell - important in food acceptance vision - predator-prey situation, not important to food preference (color is more important to owner) environment/stress shape and texture of food |
|
|
how much space do cats like to have between food and litter box?
|
50 meters
|
|
|
poor or non-existant knowledge of social rules
|
dissocialization
|
|
|
hypersensitivity-hyperactivity syndrome
|
lack of self-control.
site of food triggers eating only stop when distracted or physically incapable of continuing *expend tremendous energy, so rarely obese |
|
|
how can you increase owner compliance?
|
TEAM EFFORT
- ensure that everyone who interacts with the client have confidence in your recommendations (starts with you) - create shared expectations through client communication - make the solution easy - maintain continuous communication |
|
|
what is the most common nutritional disorder of companion animals?
|
obesity
|
|
|
breeds at increased risk of obesity
|
popular dog breeds
- goldens, labs - dalmatian, rott -dachshund, cocker, shelti mixed breed cats |
|
|
Other causes of weight gain (besides eating too much)
|
canine hypothyroidism
canine hyperadrenocorticism * no metabolic causes noted in cats |
