Nutrition Final

Front 1

What is the average % body fat of a 5/9 BCS cat or dog?

Back 1

20% (15-25)

Front 2

Which has the greater BMR: an 25 lb dog with 19% body fat, or a 25 lb dog with 43% body fat?

Why?

Back 2

The animal with lower body fat %

Adipose tissue will use much less energy compared to muscle mass or organ systems

Front 3

What is the rule of thumb coefficient for average maintenance energy calculation?

Back 3

1.5 to 2

Front 4

What are some potential reasons to feed more nutrients to a sick animal?

Back 4

-Increased nutrient loss (diarrhea, renal disease, etc)

-Increased nutrient requirements (fever, tissue repair, etc)

Front 5

What are some potential reasons to feed less nutrients to a sick animal?

Back 5

-Reduced activity, work, and growth

-Lack of intake

-Inability to absorb and metabolize nutrients

Front 6

What two amino acids are uniquely required in the diet of cats?

Back 6

Taurine and arginine

Front 7

What is the first limiting amino acid in the diet of horses and hogs? What diet does this usually occur in?

Back 7

Lysine

Corn and Soybean diets

Front 8

What type of taste are dogs insensitive to?

Back 8

salty (exp compared to humans)

Front 9

What type of taste are cats insensitive to?

Back 9

sweet

Front 10

Between horses and cows, which animal tends to spend more time eating?

Back 10

Horses

Front 11

What is the limit (in body weight %) of grain that can be fed in a single meal?

Back 11

0.5%

Front 12

How do energy requirements of females in their first and second trimester of pregnancy compare to maintenance energy requirements?

Back 12

Generally similar, not significantly different

Front 13

How do energy requirements of females in their third trimester of pregnancy compare to maintenance energy requirements?

Back 13

above maintenance due to exponential growth of fetus and preparation of mammary glands

Front 14

How can cycling of a female be ceased?

Back 14

Sever nutrient restriction (25% of body weight)

Front 15

Describe flushing

Back 15

By increasing energy prior to breeding, results in more ovulation and increases possibility of twins or triplets

Front 16

At which point is a dam committed to a parasitic fetus, even at the loss of its own nutrient health?

Back 16

From Trimester 2 onwards

Front 17

Of glucose, amino acids, and fat, which will generally go to the mother over the fetus?

Back 17

Fat as the fetus can't use it well

Front 18

At which point will decreases in nutrient requirements result in fetal loss?

Back 18

Trimester 1

Front 19

What nutrient deficiency leads to neural tube defects in offspring?

Back 19

Folate

Front 20

What nutrient deficiency leads to cretinism in offspring?

Back 20

Iodine

Front 21

What nutrient deficiency leads to impaired immune function in offspring

Back 21

Cu and Se

Front 22

Name 3 late-gestation malnutritions

Back 22

1) Pregnancy toxemia (ewes and does)

2) Protein-energy malnutrition in cows

3) Hypocalcemia in dairy cows

Front 23

Name 3 common inappropriate feeding programs in gestation

Back 23

Fescue diets (mares)

Lack of Colostrum

Excess/inadequate protein/energy diets

Front 24

How does breeding affect appetite for males and females?

Back 24

Generally increases appetite; decreases for 3-4 days during estrus

Front 25

How is a cats appetite affected during gestation?

Back 25

decreases during weeks 1 to 3

Front 26

How does late gestation affect all animals appetites?

Back 26

Intake will decrease due to lack of space in abdomen (even though requirements are increased)

Front 27

If an animal goes off feed during gestation, what might this be a sign of?

Back 27

impending partrition

Front 28

Post partum, how is appetite affected?

Back 28

increased until peak lactation

Front 29

What is transition/lead feeding in mares and cows?

Back 29

add grain to late gestation diet to prepare for a high grain diet post calving/foaling

Front 30

Name the main differences between colostrum and normal milk:

Back 30

Nutrient density (increased protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, less water)

Ig's (IgG, IgA, IgM) (puppies and kittens get some transplacentally)

Lactoferrin and Lymphocytes (?)

Front 31

In body weight %, how much colostrum does a neonate need in the first 24 hours?

Back 31

10% BW

Front 32

What are some methods of testing quality of colostrum?

Back 32

Colostrometer

Testing babies IgG levels in serum or plasma (example SNAP test)

Front 33

What nutrients can cause decreased colostrum quality in mares?

Back 33

endophyte and fescue

Front 34

What is the preferred assisted feeding method of colostrum in calves?

Back 34

Esophageal tube feeding (caution of aspiration into lungs)

Front 35

What is the preferred assisted feeding method of colostrum in puppies and kittens?

Back 35

Eye dropper

Front 36

What are the positives and negatives of colostrum storage?

Back 36

Positive: can be stored frozen for months-years

Negative: risk of protein damage with excessive heat when thawing: using easily thawed containers such as flat plastic bags

Front 37

What are some of the goals of feeding between day 1 and day 7 of a neonate?

Back 37

Acquire food frequently

Rest

Develop a functional GI system (enzymes and supporting metabolism)

Avoid neonate pathogens

Front 38

What are some of the goals of feeding between day 7 and beyond of a neonate?

Back 38

increased milk consumption

explore new feeds

mimic mother

+growth, +activity

Front 39

How many times should a PUPPY suckle per day?

When can solid food be introduced into the diet?

When should they be weaned?

Back 39

4-6 x per day

3-4 weeks

8-10 weeks

Front 40

How many times should a FOAL suckle per day?When can they start exploring the mares diet?

When should they be weaned?

Back 40

3-7 times / HOUR! (1-2 min at a time)

explores mare diet at several days of age

4-7 months of age

Front 41

What type of diet will enhance rumen development most in calves and kids?

Back 41

Grain diet (counter intuitive)

Front 42

When should dairy calves and kids be weaned off whole milk/milk supplements?

When should beef calves and lambs be weaned off mothers milk?

Back 42

Dairy calves and kids : 6-12 weeks

Lambs: 2-4 months

Beef calves: 6-8 months

Front 43

Which species has milk that is highest in total solids? Lowest in total solids?

Which species has greatest fat/protein % dry matter? Lowest?

Which species has greatest lactose/sugar % dry matter? Lowest

Back 43

Highest total solids= Queen

Lowest = Mare

Highest fat/protein % dry matter = queen

Lowest = Mare

Highest Sugar/lactose % dry matter = Mare

Lowest = queen

Front 44

For sick neonates, what is the minimum amount of milk/milk replacer (in body weight %) needed to keep them alive?

Back 44

10%

Front 45

What are the suspected symptoms of a lactose intolerant neonate?

Back 45

enhanced diarrhea

Front 46

How might milk glycans help in neonate health?

Back 46

enhance gut microbe health

competes with pathogens for binding sites

Front 47

What are the consequences of caloric restriction in growing animals?

Back 47

Extending lifespan through highly conserved stress response (our bodies are not adapted for an overabundance of food)

Front 48

What is the common themes of DOD? What species are most often affected?

Back 48

Abnormal endochondral ossification (Physitis, Osteochondrosis, Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), Hip dysplasia)

Dogs and Horses

Front 49

What diet type is often associated with DOD formation? What stage of life must the animal be in?

What other factors are associated with DOD?

Back 49

High energy (not high protein) in a rapidly growing animal; Excess Ca and Vitamin D in great danes; Cu and Zn deficiencies in foals/gestating dams

Insulin resistance (excess insulin), and IGF-1; Genetics

Front 50

What is the minimum amount of water needed to support life (in body weight % and mL/kg)

Back 50

5%, 50 ml/kg

Front 51

How would you describe an adequate large breed puppy diet compared to that of a small breed?

Back 51

Usually a specialty diet: less energy and Ca

Front 52

What is the risk of acidic diets in growing baby kittens?

What is the risk of chronically over acidic diets in adult cats?

Back 52

Risk of demineralizing bone! (dont feed a UTD diet to kittens!)

Hypokalemia: ventroflexion of the neck, stiff gait, exercise reluctance; also caused by anorexia, diuresis, diabetes, insulin therapy, vomiting, diarrhea

Front 53

What are basic guidelines for forage and concentrates of foals?

Back 53

Forage: between 1 and 2% body weight --> 1-1.5% at long yearling

Concentrate: between 1-2% body weight --> 0.5-1% at long yearling

Front 54

What is "stockering" of feedlot animals?

Back 54

Feeding moderate growth (wheat) after weaning (instead of high growth concentrate diet), then finish on high grain diet to gradually increase weight gain of feedlot animal

Front 55

What is the approximate % of mature wt that cattle should be at time of breeding?

Back 55

50-55% (67%?)

Should reach puberty 1-2 cycles prior to breeding date

Complication: dystocia

Front 56

Of growing large breed dogs, kittens, replacement heifers, race horses, and feedlot steers, which have the lowest dietary energy to BW ratio? Highest? in the middle?

Back 56

Lowest: large breed dogs, kittens

Middle: race horses, replacement heifers

Highest: feedlot steers

Front 57

What type of muscle fiber is best for sprinters? for endurance?

Which relies most on glycogenolysis?

Back 57

Type 2; type 1

Type 2

Front 58

Which nutrient energy source is best for endurance?

for sprinting?

Where is the exception?

Back 58

Fat for endurance

CHO for sprinting

Exception: Sprint horses can't be fed excess grains due to GI upset

Front 59

How long does it take to train muscle for a specific use (sprint vs endurance)?

Back 59

6 weeks

Front 60

What is the relevance between protein and activity level?

Back 60

Any increased need for protein is easily compensated by increased intake (dont supplement)

Front 61

What vitamins are of importance for athlete/production animals

Back 61

Horses; A, E, Thiamine, Folacin

Dogs:E, C

General: Bs for energy metabolism; A, E, C for antioxidants

Front 62

How does the DER of a racing grey hound compare to a maintenance animal? How about a sled dog?

Back 62

DER of grey hound and maintenance animal are comparible

DER of sled dog is 5-11 RER (compared to 1.5-2 RER for maintenance)

Front 63

Describe exertional myopathy in draft horses (or capture myopathy in zoo animals)

Back 63

Happens when diet is high energy every day, but not worked every day. After having a period of rest, when beginning work, muscles have a massive release of glycogen causing lactic acidosis (carb-loaded)

Causes muscles to tie up

Selenium and Vitamin E deficiencies are also factors that cause tying up

Front 64

What are the dietary guidelines (forage, grain, fat) for equine athletes?

Back 64

Forage: 1-1.5% BW

Grain: 0.5-2% BW (based on activity)

Fat: up to 10% fat for 6-10 weeks prior to event to allow for fat adaptation (based on activity)

Front 65

What dietary nutrient drives milk production in lactating cows?

Why must fat be limited in lactating cows? What is the max % fat in diet?

Back 65

glucose (add grain)

Because fat impairs microbe population

Max 6% fat in diet

Front 66

What is needed when grain is supplemented in a lactating cow's diet?

Back 66

Na bicarb (buffer acid production in rumen)

Enough energy to minimize BCS loss to 1/5

Front 67

What are dietary options for lactating cows (low milk, medium milk, high milk) ?

Back 67

Grass only: seasonal breeders (low milk)

Harvested forage + extra nutrients (more milk)

Forage and grain + fat additives or TMR (high milk)

Front 68

Among maintenance, growth, and athletic diets, which has the narrowest range that could lead to issues?

Back 68

Athlete diets

Front 69

Obesity in feedlot cattle can be somewhat beneficial and is referred to as what on the muscle?

Between Hypertrophy and hyperplasia, how is it achieved?

Back 69

Marbling

Hyperplasia

Front 70

Are most animals better adapted to food scarcity or food abundance?

Back 70

Food scarcity.

Front 71

Do isocaloric diets always cause the same amount of net calories gain after metabolism (regardless of their primary energy source) ?

Back 71

Not necessarily. Some studies show low car high fat diets cause a greater RER than high carb low fat diets of the same calorie content.

Front 72

What substance secreted by adipocytes is correlated with(but doesn't cause) obesity?

Back 72

Leptin

Front 73

What are some of the secreted substances that make adipocytes similar to an endocrine organ?

Back 73

Cytokines: TNF, IL-6

Adipokines: Leptin, Adpionectin, Resistin

Front 74

How does TNF and IL-6 cause additional problems in obesity?

Back 74

Causes excessive inflammation

Front 75

How can gut microflora contribute to obesity?

Back 75

Some microbiota have increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet than others, causing increased total body fat.

Front 76

For obese patients, what is a healthy rate of weight loss (in body weight %) per week?

Back 76

1-2% per week

Front 77

NEFA = Non-esterified fatty acids =

During negative energy balance, Triglycerides cleave into:

Back 77

=Free fatty acids

: Glycerol and Free fatty acids

Front 78

Brain can work on what two energy sources?

Back 78

glucose and ketone bodies

Front 79

Most animals in negative energy balance will have what substance increase in their blood?

What animal produces alot of these?

Back 79

Ketones

Ruminants produce alot

Front 80

Acetoacetate, B-OH butyrate, and Acetone are examples of...

Back 80

Ketones

Front 81

What animals are best at exporting produced lipoproteins from the liver?

What animals are poor at this and will instead store lipoproteins in the liver?

Back 81

Horses and dogs export

Cats and Cows store

Front 82

During negative energy balance in equines, what substance is in high concentration in the blood?

What is this high concentration called?

Back 82

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Hyperlipemia

Front 83

Hepatic lipidosis occurs when:

This occurs in which species?

Back 83

The animal has a negative energy balance and the liver is unable to export accumulated fat from the liver

Obese Cats and Cows

Front 84

What controls NEFA release from cells?

What does not control NEFA release?

Back 84

Negative energy balance physiology

Cortisol and Epinephrin

High amounts of Fat

Liver has NO control

Front 85

Because the liver is often saturated with energy from NEFAs during negative energy balance, what is the appetite of the animal in most cases?

Back 85

Anorexic

Front 86

What is Feline Idiopathic Lipidosis?

Back 86

Fat cat that undergoes a stressful event: leads to weight loss.

Results in accumulation of triglyceride in liver: hepatic lipidosis and liver failure

Front 87

What are clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis in cats? (6 signs)

Back 87

Obese animal (may be thinner on presentation

Anorexia

Jaundice (due to retention of bilirubin)

Elevated liver enzymes

Hypoabuminemia

Muscle wasting

Front 88

What is the most essential step to hepatic lipidosis treatment?

Back 88

Assisted feeding: usually through NG tube or PEG tube

Should feed high quality protein, high energy (fat) diet.

Front 89

What are clinical signs of bovine hepatic lipidosis? (4 signs)

Back 89

Dairy cow with BCS > 4

Weight loss

Anorexia/depression

Any poor response to therapy for mastitis, metritis, etc

Front 90

What is the treatment options for bovine hepatic lipidosis?

Back 90

Force feed (via orogastric drench) Ca Propionate, alfalfa, electrolytes, and fluids

IV dextrose (for energy)

B vitamins

Insulin (help move glucose into cells)

Front 91

What is the general prognosis of bovine hepatic lipidosis?

What is the general prognosis of Equine hyperlipidemia

Back 91

Poor x 2

Front 92

What stage in female equine gestation might hyperlipidemia be observed?

Are any treatments necessary? if so, what?

Back 92

late pregnancy and early lactation (negative energy balance)

Yes!

IV fluids + heparin (activates lipoprotein lipase)

IV dextrose

Insulin

Front 93

What is Bovine spontaneous ketosis?

Back 93

High producing cow at peak lactation that could produces a range of symptoms:

-Common Ketosis: off feed, firm feces, decreased milk

-Nervous ketosis: salivaiton, wandering, blind, hyperaesthetic, circling (may look like rabies)

Front 94

How can ketone levels be tested?

Back 94

Smell (some noses are sensitive to it)

Urine, Serum, Milk ketone tests

Front 95

What is the treatment plan for Bovine Spontaneous Ketosis?

Back 95

IV dextrose (500mL)

Propylene glycol orally (4-8 oz) (acts as a glucose precursor and is somewhat rumen inert)

+/- glucocorticoids (provides temporary glucose from the muscles)

Front 96

What is a common secondary disease that can occur with any early lactating cow that forms disease?

How do you resolve this issue?

Back 96

Secondary ketosis

Can treat Ketosis with dextrose and propylene glycol, but MUST treat primary cause

Front 97

What is pregnancy toxemia? What species does it often affect? What factor predisposes it?

Back 97

Late gestation pregnant ewe (sheep) with anorexia (no room for food), neurologic signs (not enough nutrients), constipation (dehydrated).

Front 98

How urgent is pregnancy toxemia once noticed?

Back 98

Progresses rapidly: is fatal in 12-24 hours

Front 99

How do you test for pregnancy toxemia?

Back 99

Signalment/clinical signs

Hypoglycemia

Ketonuria, Ketonemia (signs of negative energy balance)

Renal failure

Front 100

How do you treat pregnancy toxemia?

Back 100

Remove lamb (via C section/induction)

IV Dextrose (100-200 mL)

Proplyene glycol (1-2 oz)

IV fluids

Oral Calcium

Front 101

What is the prognosis of pregnancy toxemia?

What is the best preventative for this disease?

Back 101

Poor to guarded

Feed grains in late gestation

Front 102

What disease can present with a late gestation bitch (or queen) in poor BCS and on a low CHO diet (ex. all meat)?

What can this be mistaken for?

Back 102

Periparturient hypoglycemia

Front 103

What are clinical signs of periparturient hypoglycemia?

What are treatment recommendation?

Back 103

Clinical signs: Depression, low glucose, high ketones

Treatment: IV Dextrose bolus followed by 5% infusion

Food with CHO

Front 104

What is better for weight loss: fat reduced or fiber enhanced?

Back 104

Fiber enhanced

Front 105

Common GI disease managements

Back 105

NPO, small frequent meals

Front 106

MCT=

Back 106

Medium chain triglycerides: common fat supplement containing : absorbed directly

ec. coconut oil

energy source not stored as body fat

Front 107

Referencing inflammation:

Omega 3 =

Omega 6 =

Back 107

Omega 3 =anti-inflammatory

Omega 6 = pro inflammatory

Front 108

DHA and EPA are examples of...

Back 108

Omega 3 fatty acids

Front 109

Sources of Omega 6's

Back 109

Corn and soy oil

Front 110

What EFA is required in cat diets? Why?

Back 110

Arachidonic acid: cant be synthesized in body

Front 111

Sources of Omega 3's

Back 111

Flaxseed, canola oils, marine plants

Front 112

What EFAs are common in pet diets? What EFAs could be supplemented?

Back 112

O6; O3 should be supplemented

Front 113

Name 2 benefits of fiber in monogastric diets

Back 113

Converts fiber to butyrate which can feed colonic mucosa (less colon cancer?)

Soluble fiber: Blunt glucose absorption

Front 114

Grain overload causes ______ in ruminants.

Describe how...

Back 114

Lactic acidosis (and laminitis)

grain rapidly increases VFA production. Drops rumen pH: <5 = bad; can cause LPS and endotoxin release and dehydration/shock

Front 115

What are clinical signs of acidosis?

Back 115

Off feed, enlarged rumen (slosh on ballotment), +/- diarrhea, Rumen pH <5, Down, Dead

Front 116

What are treatments of lactic acidosis?

Back 116

IV fluids + bicarb

Rumen lavage

Antacids (orally: MgO)

Parenteral antibiotics

Give hay, no grain: Immediate harvest

Front 117

What is the common cause of low milk fat syndrome?

How do you treat low milk fat syndrome?

Back 117

Adding grain to increase milk production: milk causes depression in milk fat and causes protein:fat ratio inversion.

Fix by adding hay to diet and removing some grain (look for more cows that chew their cud)

Front 118

What is the biohydrogenation theory?

Back 118

In presence of grain, rumen microbes produce fatty acids that inhibit FA synthesis in mammary glands

Front 119

What is the cause of laminitis in cows and horses?

What is the pathogenesis?

Back 119

grain overload (can be without grain in diet for horses: fructans in pasture?)

Path: bacterial toxins causing vascular bed damage at hoof; Insulin resistance causing low intracellular glucose; MMP activation

Front 120

Clinical signs of acute laminitis

Back 120

Increased digital pulse

Unwillingness to move

Front 121

Clinical signs of chronic laminitis

Back 121

Hardship grooves in dorsal wall

Ventral rotation of tip of P3

Front 122

What are common causes of ulcers?

What species are often affected?

What is the Pathogenesis?

What is treatment?

Back 122

Finely ground grain feed or Stress

Horses and Pigs

Mucosal Injury (helicobacter)

More hay, less grain

Front 123

How can excess fat negatively affect ruminants?

What is the max % (of DMI) of fat that ruminants should have?

What about for horses?

Back 123

Fat acts as bacteriostatic (soap like)

Limit to 6%

Horses can adapt to 12-15%

Front 124

What does BUN stand for?

It is a byproduct of what?

Increased concentrations are indicative of what 4 things?

Back 124

Blood urea nitrogen

by product of protein metabolism

Increased concentration are indicative of :

-High protein diet

-Kidney damage

-dehydration

-Urinary blockage

Front 125

Azotemia is...

What is the cause

How is it tested?

Back 125

Aka uremia + other N compounds

Caused by kidney disease or failure: retention of waste product

Tested with serum BUN levels

Front 126

Ad lib of what substances increases glomerular blood flow?

What are the consequences if kidney is diseased?

Back 126

Protein, P, and NaCl

Increases protein loss in urine

Increases retention of waste products like BUN

Front 127

K/D diet is designed to reduce what in the blood?

Back 127

Reduce urea in blood (kidney diet with restricted high quality proteins)

Front 128

When it comes to dietary protein, is excess safe? If not, when would you recommend restricting it? What type of protein is recommended?

Back 128

Maybe? Inconclusive:

Excess not safe for renal disease patients

May not be safe for older animals?

Recommend feeding high quality proteins to minimize N excretion

Front 129

Outside of proteins, what dietary recommendations can be made for renal disease?

Back 129

Minimize Omega 6's, Supplament Omega 3s

Front 130

What antibody contributes to mediated reactions to nutrients or additives in food?

What is the most common nutrient that this occurs with?

Back 130

IgE

Proteins

Front 131

Where must the allergen contact for protein hypersensitivity to occur?

How can defensive measures break down to make this more likely?

Back 131

Immune system (via skin, inhalation, GI tract)

Maldigestive disorders (Pancreatitis), IBD, T-suppressor dysfunctions (GALT)

Front 132

How are proteins modified to reduce hypersensitivity in specialized diets?

Back 132

Partially hydrolyzed (digested) to reduce molecular weight: non antigenic

Front 133

How does food allergy differ from food intolerance?

Back 133

Food allergy = true allergies: produce skin problems/itching and other characteristic symptoms

Food intolerance = diarrhea/vomiting

Front 134

How is ammonia produced in the body? What organ detoxifies it? What is it converted to by the liver?

Back 134

Protein breakdown product or urease conversion from urea (rumen)

Liver

Urea

Front 135

How can dietary urea be beneficial? What types of feeds can it be added to?

What is the risk?

Back 135

Urea can be converted to amonia by urease in rumen; Amonia is a reactant for microbial protein production: Acts as a cheap source of proteins when fed with high C: corn silage, corn grain, corn stalks, molasses

Risks: Excess urea can produce excess ammonia at higher concentrations than liver can adapt to

Front 136

What is amuckness and how is it caused?

Back 136

Too much urea in diet

Caused accidently (urea looks like salt)

causes liver to lose its adaptable ability

Front 137

What are clinical signs of urea toxicosis?

Back 137

Salivaiton, urination, diarrhea, SUDGE, Ataxia, Incoordination, tetany

Rapid onset, leads to death quickly

Front 138

How do you diagnose urea toxicosis?

How do you treat?

Back 138

Rumen pH > 7.5

Blood ammonia > 0.8 mg/dL

smell of amonia

Treatment: acidify the rumen with vinegar (ion trapping)

Rumen evacuation: tube or surgery

Front 139

How does ammonia toxicity occur in non-ruminants?

How is it treated?

Back 139

Liver dysfunction (hepatic encephalopathy), liver shunt

Treatment: restrict protein in diet (high quality digestible protein)

Sterilize the colon (stops urease production) with betadine enema

Ion trap ammonia in colon usuing Lactulose

Front 140

Of somatic and visceral protein pools, which does the body use first when under stress?

Back 140

Visceral (somatic if it continues causing muscle wasting)

Front 141

What are four causes of protein-energy malnutrition?

Back 141

Inadequate protein in feed (poor quality)

Inadequate intake

Undigestable/unabsorbable protein

Renal disease/diarrhea

Front 142

What is Johnes disease?

Back 142

Diarrhea causing protein energy malnutrition and muscle wasting

Occurs in ruminant small intestines with mycobacterium

Front 143

What is kwashiorkor disease?

What animal is commonly affected?

Back 143

Protein deficiency in face of adequate energy: Dependent edema in gut, muscle atrophy/weakness

Not common in animals; colitis cases?

Front 144

What is Marasmus?

What animal is commonly affected?

What is treatment?

Back 144

Underfed late gestation female

Cattle

Possibly remove fetus?: animal will eat excessively but eventually muscle wasting and nerve damage prevents walking.

Front 145

What is cancer/cardiac cachexia?

What are symptoms?

What are treatments?

Back 145

Loss in lean body mass in patients with cancer or chronic heart disease

Decreased appetites

Feeding more calories is unaffective: complicated pathophysiology

Front 146

What is re-feeding syndrome?

How is it caused?

What are clinical symptoms?

How can it be prevented?

Back 146

Metabolic disturbance that results from rapid feeding of a previously starved individual

Symptoms: hypophosphatemia, electrolyte imbalance, cardiac failure, edema, death

Prevented by limiting CHO slowly when re-introducing food

Front 147

What is tryptophan?

What is its traditional effect?

Are animals responsive?

Back 147

AA: precursor to seratonin

Acts as a mild sedative/aggression reducer

Animal do seem to respond

Front 148

What are conditionally essential nutrients?

What are examples?

Back 148

Nutrients that traditionally are not required for the normal maintenance animal, but may be needed under certain condtions (disease, stress, trauma)

Arginine and Glutamine (illness or injury)

Front 149

Milk fever is what nutrient deficiency? What species does it occur in?

Back 149

Hypocalcemia

Dairy cows and does

Front 150

What is hypocalcemia often referred to as in mares?

What about for the bitch or queen?

Back 150

Transport tetany

Eclampsia (seizures)

Front 151

What causes the onset of milk fever?

What hormone is commonly associated with this process?

Back 151

Animal in parturition: Ca intake does not meet the requirement of the fetus and colostrum. Animal can't mobilize Ca stores fast enough and blood calcium drops as a result

PTH: frees Ca from stores

Front 152

How can you reduce the likelihood of milk fever through diet?

Back 152

Maintain intake in late gestation and early lactation (do not give excess Ca)

Provide low K or Anionic (acidic) diets in dry periods

Front 153

How is milk fever often accidentally caused?

Back 153

Owners give high Ca prepartum but it ends up down-regulating mobilization

Also, high intake of cations (K+) makes cow alkalotic systemically, causing decreased response in PTH receptors

Front 154

Symptoms of milk fever

Back 154

Early: milk excitement, tetany, hyperthermia

Mid: depression, flaccid paralysis, recumbency, tachycardia, hypothermia

Late: coma and death

Front 155

Treatment for milk fever

Back 155

IV Calcium

500mL Ca borogluconate

Oral Ca (if standing)

Front 156

How does hypocalcemia in dogs, horses, and cows vary?

Back 156

Cows = flaccid

Dogs/horses = tetanic (ridged)

Front 157

When does eclampsia occur most often in a bitch?

Which breeds of dogs are most prone?

Back 157

Peak lactation (3-4 weeks)

High litter dogs, toy breeds, and young (<4) mothers

Front 158

How do you treat Eclampsia?

Back 158

IV Ca gluconate (1-2 mg / kg BW)

Remove puppies for 24 hours

Wean pups if eclampsia recurs

Front 159

When does eclampsia occur in queens?

How does it present?

What are 2 common causes?

How do you treat?

Back 159

Last 3 weeks of pregnancy

Depression, hypothermia, flaccidity

Poor diet or excessive Ca supplementation

IV Ca and IV dextrose

Oral Ca supplementation (?)

Front 160

A chronic low blood Ca is referred to as:

Which animals are prone?

What is a common cause?

Back 160

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Young growing animals and reptiles

Meat/organ tissue diets (high P, low Ca)

Front 161

Alpacas in Oregon look like they suffer from nutritional hyperparathyroidism: what else must be considered?

Back 161

Low Ca

Low Vit D***

Front 162

What are clinical symptoms of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

How do you treat?

Back 162

Hyperphosphatemia

Weak bones (prone to fractures)

Lameness, paralysis in small animals

Treat by adjusting diet : more Ca, less P (Dusting crickets with lime in reptile diets)

Front 163

Lame exotic animals should always be considered for what disease?

Back 163

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Front 164

Grass and winter tetany in ruminants is often associated with what nutrient deficiency?

What is the common cause?

Back 164

Hypomagnesemia

Lactating cow on lush spring grass

(high dietary K decreases Mg absorption)

Front 165

What are clinical symptoms of grass tetany?

How do you treat?

How do you prevent?

Back 165

Beligerance, ataxia, salivation, muscle tremors, bruxism, seizures, recumbency

Serum Mg < 1.4 mg/dL

IV, oral, or enema based Mg

Prevent with high Mg mineral free choice

Front 166

An adult cat is presented to you with ventroflexion of the neck, stiff gait, and exercise reluctance. You are informed that they have been on a Urinary diet for 3 years. What is your diagnosis and treatment?

Back 166

Hypokalemia

Treat with IV or oral K

Front 167

Urolithiasis is what?

Back 167

Mineralized stones in the urinary tract

Front 168

What are 3 requirements for urolith formation?

Back 168

Super saturated solution

Favorable pH (alkaline=struvite; acidic = ammonium urate, Ca oxalate)

Nidus (debris): more likely with inadequate vitamin A

Front 169

Name which pH environment the following crystals form in:

Ca oxalate

Struvite

Ammonium urate

Back 169

Acidic: Ammonium urate and Ca oxalate

Alkaline: Struvite

Front 170

Name symptoms of urolith formation.

How do you definitively diagnose the type?

Back 170

Aberrant urination (blood)

No urination

Palpation on bladder

Radiography or ultrasound

DDx: Urinalysis: pH and crystals

Front 171

What crystal formation can not be dissolved with urinary diets?

How can it be decreased (without altering diet type)?

Back 171

Ca oxalate

Increase water intake (salt in diet, canned food, etc)

Front 172

What animal does not form Struvite crystals? What are the only 2 animals to produce Ca oxalate crystals?

Back 172

Struvites don't form in horses

Ca oxalates only form in dogs and cats

Front 173

For supplementation choice, it is recommended to use the ACCLAIM system. What does ACCLAIM stand for?

Back 173

A= a recognized name

C= Clinical experience

C= Contents

L= Label claim

A= Administration recommendation

I= Identification of lot (lot #s)

M= Manufacturer information

Front 174

Are supplaments ever provided to prevent a deficiency?

Back 174

No

Front 175

What minerals are deficient in Virginia?

Back 175

Selenium, Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, Iron

Front 176

Individuals with White Muscle Disease are deficient in...

What other conditions does this deficiency cause?

Back 176

Selenium

Retained placenta, stillbirths, neonatal weakness, diarrhea

Front 177

What animal is most prone to selenium deficiencies?

Back 177

Young and growing cattle

Front 178

An animal that is low in antioxidants and T3 may have a ______ deficiency

Back 178

Selenium (identified in glutathione peroxidase and iodothyronine deiodinase

Front 179

Horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy and myodegeneration may be deficient in

Back 179

Selenium

Front 180

What is the minimum blood Se levels that should in an animal?

How can deficiency be prevented in areas of low Se?

Back 180

50 ppb

Oral supplaments

Front 181

What mineral is regulated by the FDA? Why?

Back 181

Selenium: because it was reported in one case study as a carcinogen in rats

Limited supplementation to 0.3 ppm in complete diet

Front 182

Alkali disease is caused by:

How does it present?

Back 182

Se toxicosis: Ingestion of Se accumulating plants

Cracked hooves, loss of hair on tail

Front 183

What three elements in high concentraitons reduce Cu absorption?

In what species does Cu deficiency occur most frequently

Back 183

Molybdenum (Mo), Sulfur (S), Iron (Fe)

Ruminants

Front 184

Name some clinical signs of Cu deficiency

What is the best means of diagnosis?

Back 184

Achromotrichia (lack of color in hair)

Lameness/OCD

Enzootic ataxia

Diagnosis: liver biopsy

Front 185

How does Cu toxicity occur?

What animals are predisposed?

What are some signs?

What is pathognomonic about Cu toxicity?

Back 185

Stress associated Cu release from liver

Sheep, Bedlington terriers, Domermans with liver dz, humans with wilson dz

Anorexia, weakness, Hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, icterus, anemia, hemolytic crisis

Gun metal blue kidneys

Front 186

Why is stalling a growing foal and a sheep together a bad idea?

Back 186

If sheep eats foal feed, it will suffer from Cu toxicity

Front 187

What clinical signs are exhibited with Zn deficiency?

Back 187

Skin and feet issues:

-Ruminants and pigs: reduced growth, intake, parakeratosis/hyperkeratosis, reduced immunity and bad feet

-Equine: Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD), Bad skin, immunity and feet

-Canines: Skin lesions, keratitis, conjunctivitis

Front 188

Where are iodine deficiencies most common?

What clinical signs are exhibited?

What is the best treatment/prevention?

Back 188

Great lakes

Signs: goiter, weak/hairless newborns, reproductive issues

Treat/prevent with iodized salt

Front 189

What species is most sensitive to cobalt deficiencies?

Deficiency causes reduced levels of what?

What animals require it in the diet?

Back 189

Sheep (more than ruminants)

Reduced levels of B12

Monogastrics require it in diet (deficient for vegan diets)

Front 190

How can the body sequester Fe from bacteria?

What species is most at risk for Fe deficiency?

How is this prevented?

What are signs of Fe deficiency?

Back 190

Lactoferrins

Baby pigs (can't get from dirt, undergo rapid growth)

Routinely given Fe injections for neonates

Anemia, Dyspnea/thumps

Front 191

Name two pro-vitamins of Vitamin A

Back 191

Beta carotene (plants)

Retinol (animals)

Front 192

Name two pro-vitamins of Vitamin D

Back 192

Ergosterol (plant)

7-dehydrocholesterol

Front 193

Name 3 pro-vitamins of Vitamin K

Back 193

Menandione (synthetic)

Phylloquinone (plant)

Menaquinone (bacteria)

Front 194

Where is Vitamin A most abundant?

Where might it be deficient?

How does the body adapt for seasonal changes in availability?

Back 194

Fresh forages+grains

Deficient in stored forages and grains

Liver will store Vitamin A when abundant, release when deficient

Front 195

In what conditions can Vitamin D be considered Conditionally essential?

Back 195

In cases when outdoor exposure is minimized:

Indoor animals or Camelids in Oregon

Front 196

How can Vitamin D toxicity occur?

What are the symptoms?

Back 196

Mistakes at feed mill/ Rat poisons

Causes gastric hemorrhage and calcification of great vessels

Front 197

Tocopherol is an example of:

How does supplamenting of this type of nutrient help in the feedlot?

Back 197

Vitamin E

Vitamin E supplementation improves meat and milk stability, particularly in grain fed animals

Front 198

How are Vitamin E and Se similar?

Do they always go hand in hand?

Back 198

Both are cellular antioxidants and reduce incidence of conditions like retained placenta, deficiencies can cause myopathy

No: one can be adequate while the other is deficient

Front 199

What is warfarin?

What is courmarins

Back 199

Both are Vitamin K antagonists

Warfarin comes from rat poison

Coumarin comes from sweet clovers

Front 200

How do you treat Sweet clover toxicity?

Back 200

Treat with K1 (not K3: renal toxicant)

Front 201

Star gazing is observed with what condition and what deficiency?

Back 201

Polioencephalomalacia (ruminants)

Vitamin B deficiency

Front 202

How does thiamine deficiency present itself in cats?

Thiamine is usually considered adequate in the diet. How can this happen?

Back 202

Ventroflexion of head, dilated pupils

Overprocessed, thiamine can be destroyed