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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are signs of good Nutrition?
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Well-developed body
Ideal weight for body composition Adequate muscle development Smooth skin Glossy hair Clear and bright eyes Mental and physical alertness Ability to resist disease Increase life span |
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What are signs of poor nutrition?
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overnutrition
malnutrition undernutrition |
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What term in nutritional science is used to measure energy?
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calorie
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What are primary nutrients?
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carbs
fats proteins minerals vitamins water |
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In what order does the body utilize the nutrients for fuel?
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1. carbs-primary fuel
2. fats-storage fuel 3. protein-backup fuel |
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What is bioavailabilty?
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Refers to how well the body can use the nutrients
It is the gatekeeper that determines how much of a nutrient is used by the body. All nutrients are absorbed because of differing bioavailability. |
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What is voluntary vs involuntary body work?
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voluntary-actual physical exercise under conscious control
involuntary-respirations, circulation, etc. systems under unconscious control |
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What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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refers to the sum of all internal working activities of the body at rest
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What conditions can decrease the BMR?
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hypothyroidism
hypothermia |
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What conditions can increase the BMR?
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lean body mass
growth periods hyperthyroidism fever |
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What percent of the daily kilocalorie intake should they provide?
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45-65%
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
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primary fuel source
energy productions system dietary importance protects cells from depressed metabolic function vital emergency for heart brain is dependent on glucose regulate proteins and fats |
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What is the fuel density of carbs?
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*********
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Where does carb digestion take place?
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mouth
stomach small intestine |
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How does carb digestion take place in the mouth?
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mechanical digestion breaks down food mass.
salivary amylase acts on starch |
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How does carb digestion take place in the stomach?
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peristalsis continues mechanical digestion, however, gastric secretions are unable to break down carbs
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How does digestion take place in the small intestine?
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peristalsis continues, produces pancreatic and intestinal secretions
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What are the classes of carbs?
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monosaccharides disaccharides
polysaccharides other sweeteners |
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What are the 3 monosaccharides?
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glucose
fructose galactose |
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What are the 3 disaccharides?
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sucrose
lactose maltose |
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What are the 3 polysaccharides?
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starch
glycogen dietary fiber |
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What are the other sweeteners?
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nutritive and nonnutritive
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What are the nutritive sweeteners?
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sorbitol
mannitol xylitol |
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What are the nonnutritive sweeteners?
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artificial sweeteners in food
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What percent of the daily kilocalorie intake should fats provide?
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10-35%
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What is the function of fat?
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provide energy, essential nutrients, and flavor and satisfaction, protects organs, regulates temperature, cell membrane structure
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Where does digestion take place?
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mouth
stomach small intestine-bile from gallbladder, enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine, and absorption |
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What are the types of fats?
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saturated, unsaturated, and trans-fatty
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What is the fuel density of fat?
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1 gram=9 kilocalories
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What is the fuel density of carbs?
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1 gram=4 kilocalories
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What is the origin of saturated fats?
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completely filled with hydrogen. ex. animal food sources
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What is the origin of unsaturated fats?
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not completely filled with hydrogen ex. liquid oils
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What is the origin of trans fat?
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vegetable oils that are partially hydrogenated
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What is produced when fats breakdown because there are not enough carbs available?
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Fatty Acids
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What happens to the body when there is an excessive amount of fat in the diet?
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stored as body fat
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What percent of the daily kilocalorie intake should proteins provide?
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20-35%
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What is the function of protein?
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primary tissue building
energy system water and pH balance metabolism and transportation body defense system |
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What is the fuel density of protein?
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1 gram=4 kilograms
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Where does digestion of protein take place?
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mouth
stomach-hydrocholoric acid,pepsin, rennin small intestine-pancreatic and intestinal secretions |
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What type of people have the highest type of protein requirements?
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during growth periods
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What are amino acids?
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building blocks of protein
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What are dispensable amino acids?
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the 5 amino acides that the body can synthesize from other amino acids
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What are indispensable amino acids?
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9 amino acids that must be obtained from the diet
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What is a complete protein?
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contains all 9 indispensable amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio to meet the bodys needs
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What is an imcomplete protein?
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protein foods that are deficient in one or more of the 9 indispensable amino acids
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, & K
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What are the water soluble vitamins?
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B & C
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What do the fat soluble vitamins need for absorption/transportation?
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they need absorbed fat and transported by chylomicrons
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What causes oral tissue inflammation?
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malnutrion such as gingivitis, stomatitis, glossitis, and cheilosis
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What is gingivitis?
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inflammation of the gums involving the mucous membrane and its supporting fibrous tissue circling the base of the teeth
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What is stomatitis?
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inflammation of the oral mucous lining of the mouth
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What is glossitis?
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inflammation of the tongue
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What is cheilosis?
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a dry, scaling process at the corners of the mouth affecting the lips and corner angles, making opening the mouth quite painful
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What is dysphagia?
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difficulty swallowing
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What are the signs and symptoms of dysphagia?
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reluctance to eat certain food consistencies or any food at all, very slow chewing or eating, fatigue from eating, frequent throat clearing, complaints of food sticking in the throat, pockets of food held in the cheeks, painful swallowing, regurgitation, and coughing or choking during attempts to eat
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What are common complications of dysphagia?
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malnutrition and choking
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What is GERD?
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constant regurgitation of acidic gastric contents into the lower part of the esophagus creates tissue irritation and inflammation
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What are the goals of treatment of GERD?
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to decrease esophageal irritation
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What are the dietary recommendations for GERD?
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low fat diet
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What is a hiatal hernia?
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when a portion of the upper stomach protrudes through the opening
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What are the symptoms of hiatal hernia?
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chest pain, heartburn, pain
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What is the treatment for a hiatal hernia?
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surgical repair
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What are the causes of peptic ulcer disease?
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H. pylori, longterm use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and tobacco smoking
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What is the dietary management for peptic ulcer disease?
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eat a well balanced healthy diet and avoid acid stimulation
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What are the risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?
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stress
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How do you avoid or reduce acid stimulation in peptic ulcer disease?
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don't eat large quantities at meals, avoid drinking high fat milk, avoid spicy foods, avoid regular and decaffeinated coffee
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What is the most common symptom of celiac disease?
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steatorrhea and progressive malnutrition
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What kind of diet is necessary for celiac disease?
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control dietary gluten intake and prevent malnutrition thus, wheat, rye, and barley are eliminated from the diet
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How long should treatment for celiac disease be maintained?
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for life
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What is diverticulosis?
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a lower intestinal condition characterized by the formation of many small pouches or pockets along the muscular mucosal lining, usually in the colon
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What is diverticulitis?
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inflammation of the pockets
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What foods should a patient with diverticulosis avoid?
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nuts and seeds
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What is phenylketonuria?
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when the body does not produce the amino acid phenylalanine hydroxylase. if left untreated can cause severe mental retardation and CNS damage
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What is the treatment for phenylketnouria?
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low phenylalanine diet of special formulas and low protein food products for life
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What are the symptoms of IBS?
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chronic and recurrent pain in any area of the abdomen, diarrhea, excess gas formation
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What are the dietary recommendations for IBS?
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increase dietary fiber, eliminate food intolerance, reduce total fat content, avoid large meals, decrease air swallowing (no straws)
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What are the most common causes of cirrhosis?
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malnutrition and alcoholism
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What is the nutritional therapy for cirrhosis?
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energy, protein, low sodium, soft texture, encourage fluids, optimal general nutrition
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What is a cholecystectomy?
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removal of the gallbladder
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What nutrient should be avoided after a cholecystectomy?
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fat
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What are the main causes of pancreatitis in the US?
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excessive alcohol consumption and gallstones
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What is a myocardial infarction?
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heart attack
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What is atherosclerosis?
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underlying pathology of coronary artery disease, characterized by yellow cheeselike fatty streaks containing cholesterol in the inner lining of the major blood vessels
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What are the risk factors for heart disease?
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gender
age family history heredity |
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How does cholesterol impact atherosclerosis?
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excess cholesterol in the diet is deposited in arteries throughout the body which is the beginning of atherosclerosis
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What are the dietary recommendations for heart disease?
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sodium restriction
fluid restriction texture (soft) small meals limit or avoid alcohol |
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What does soy protein have to do with heart disease?
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it lowers LDL, increases HDL, and reduces triglycerides
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What is our objective in chronic heart disease?
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control of pulmonary edema
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What is the general treatment for hypertension other than medication?
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weight management
sodium control DASH diet smoking cessation increasing physical activity |
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What is the DASH diet?
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dietary approach to stop hypertension
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What does the DASH diet contain?
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eating 4-6 servings of fruits
4-6 servings vegetables 2-3 servings low fat dairy leans meats high fiber grains |
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What in the diet should be avoided in the diet for a patient with hypertension?
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sodium
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What is essential or primary hypertension?
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specific cause is unknown, although injury to the inner lining of the blood vessel wall appears to be an underlying link
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What is secondary hypertension?
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the result of a known cause and is a symptom or side effect of another primary condition
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What is the cause of type I diabetes?
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an autoimmune destruction of the B cells in the pancreas
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What should type I diabetes do on a "sick day"?
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*****
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What is the treatment for type I diabetes?
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insulin
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Is it OK to exercise with type I diabetes?
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yes
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What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
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family history of diabetes, age 45 yrs or older, overweight, not physically active on a regular basis, race/ethnicity, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, woman who has delivered an infant weighing more than 9 lbs, previously identified as impaired glucose tolerance
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What is the general treatment for type 2 diabetes?
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diet, exercise, and meds
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Is it OK to exercise in type 2 diabetes?
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yes
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What are the symptoms for type 1&2 diabetes?
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polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia
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What are the dietary guidelines for type 1&2 diabetes?
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decrease kilocalories
increase frequency and number of feedings, consistent ratio of protein, carbs and fat, use extra food for unusual exercise |
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What is the exchange list?
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used to calculate the patient's energy and nutrient needs as well as distribute foods in a balanced meal and snack pattern.
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How does the exchange list work?
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diabetic patients use this to select a variety of foods from the various food groups according to their personal diet plan
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How do we monitor blood sugar short term?
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***
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How do we monitor blood sugar long term?
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***
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What are long term complications of diabetes?
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continuous hyperglycemia
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What is the impaired glucose tolerance test?
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individuals whose fasting blood glucose is above normal but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes
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How is impaired glucose tolerance diagnosed?
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***
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How is impaired glucose tolerance treated?
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same as type 2 diabetes
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When is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
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***
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What is gestational diabetes?
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a temporary form of diabetes occurring during pregnancy
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What are the potential maternal and fetal complications of gestational diabetes?
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fetal damage, perinatal death, stillbirth, prematurity, or delivery of a very large baby
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What are the general causes of kidney disease?
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Infection and obstruction
Damage from other diseases HTN, diabetes mellitus Toxins Genetic defects |
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What is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease?
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Dialysis or transplant are only options
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What are the dietary restrictions for an uncomplicated case of glomerulonephritis?
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Protein intake to meet nutrition/growth needs (without excess)
Carbohydrates given liberally Decrease lipids Modest sodium restriction Potassium monitored and intake adjusted accordingly Water intake restricted according urine output |
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What are the clinical symptoms of glomerunephritis?
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Massive edema, ascites, proteinurea, distended abdomen, reduced plasma protein level, body tissue wasting
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How do we measure the patient's renal function?
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***
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What is the cure for chronic renal failure?
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kidney transplant
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What are the nutritional principles for chronic renal failure?
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Reduce protein breakdown
Avoid dehydration or excess hydration Correct acidosis Correct electrolyte imbalances Control fluid and electrolyte losses Maintain optimal nutritional status Maintain appetite and morale Control complications of hypertension, bone pain, nervous system involvement Slow rate of renal failure |
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A patient has hemodialysis, what is restricted?
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limit sodium and potassium
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What are the risk factors for develping kidney stones?
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genetic predisposition
Excess calcium in blood (hypercalcemia) or urine (hypercalciuria) Excess oxalate in urine (hyperoxaluria) Low levels of citrate in urine (hypocitraturia) Infection |
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A patient has kidney stones, what is the dietary therapy based on?
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Fruits: Berries, Concord grapes, currants, figs, fruit cocktail, plums, rhubarb, tangerines
Vegetables: Baked/green/wax beans, beet/collard greens, beets, celery, Swiss chard, chives, eggplant, endive, kale, okra, green peppers, spinach, sweet potatoes, tomatoes Nuts: Almonds, cashews, peanuts/peanut butter Beverages: Cocoa, draft beer, tea Other: Grits, tofu, wheat germ |
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What are the general causes of kidney disease?
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Infection and obstruction
Damage from other diseases HTN, diabetes mellitus Toxins Genetic defects |
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What is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease?
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Dialysis or transplant are only options
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What are the dietary restrictions for an uncomplicated case of glomerulonephritis?
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Protein intake to meet nutrition/growth needs (without excess)
Carbohydrates given liberally Decrease lipids Modest sodium restriction Potassium monitored and intake adjusted accordingly Water intake restricted according urine output |
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What are the clinical symptoms of glomerunephritis?
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Massive edema, ascites, proteinurea, distended abdomen, reduced plasma protein level, body tissue wasting
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How do we measure the patient's renal function?
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***
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What is the cure for chronic renal failure?
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kidney transplant
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What are the nutritional principles for chronic renal failure?
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Reduce protein breakdown
Avoid dehydration or excess hydration Correct acidosis Correct electrolyte imbalances Control fluid and electrolyte losses Maintain optimal nutritional status Maintain appetite and morale Control complications of hypertension, bone pain, nervous system involvement Slow rate of renal failure |
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A patient has hemodialysis, what is restricted?
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limit sodium and potassium
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What are the risk factors for develping kidney stones?
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genetic predisposition
Excess calcium in blood (hypercalcemia) or urine (hypercalciuria) Excess oxalate in urine (hyperoxaluria) Low levels of citrate in urine (hypocitraturia) Infection |
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A patient has kidney stones, what is the dietary therapy based on?
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Fruits: Berries, Concord grapes, currants, figs, fruit cocktail, plums, rhubarb, tangerines
Vegetables: Baked/green/wax beans, beet/collard greens, beets, celery, Swiss chard, chives, eggplant, endive, kale, okra, green peppers, spinach, sweet potatoes, tomatoes Nuts: Almonds, cashews, peanuts/peanut butter Beverages: Cocoa, draft beer, tea Other: Grits, tofu, wheat germ |
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What are the risks of pre-surgical poor nutritional status?
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Impaired wound healing, immune system
Increased risk of postoperative infection Reduced quality of life Impaired function of gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, respiratory system Increased hospital stay, cost, mortality rate |
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Why do we restrict food for at least 8 hours prior to surgery?
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to ensure that the stomach retains no food at surgery, which may cause complications such as aspiration of food particles during anesthesia or recovery from anesthesisa
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When can we begin oral intake of foods after surgery?
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oral intake is encouraged right after surgery
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What are the reasons for increased protein demand?
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Poor healing of wounds and fractures
Rupture of suture lines (dehiscence) Depressed heart and lung function Anemia, liver damage Failure of gastrointestinal stomas to function Reduced resistance to infection Extensive weight loss Increased mortality risk |
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What is a non-residue diet?
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Includes only foods free of fiber, seeds, and skins
Prohibited foods include fruits, vegetables, cheese, milk, potatoes, unrefined rice, fats, pepper |
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What should be added to the patient's diet if they are on a non-residue diet?
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Vitamin and mineral supplements required for prolonged nonresidue diet
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What is the primary side effect of enteral feedings?
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Weight (at least three times per week)
Signs and symptoms of edema (daily) Signs and symptoms of dehydration (daily) Fluid intake and output (daily) Adequacy of enteral intake (at least twice per week) Abdominal distention and discomfort Gastric residuals (every 4 hours) if appropriate Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (two to three times per week) Serum glucose, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus (weekly or as ordered) Stool output and consistency (daily) |
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What is dumping syndrome?
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Common complication of extensive gastric resection in which readily soluble carbohydrates rapidly “dump” into small intestine
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What are the nursing interventions to prevent with a patient with dumping syndrome?
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eating slowly, eliminating fluids during meals, and lying down for 15-30 minutes after eating
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What type of IV fluids should be immediately initiated with a patient with burns?
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6% hetastarch in saline or balanced salt solution
lactated ringer's solution |
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What are the functions of Vitamin A?
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Functions
Vision Tissue strength and immunity Growth |
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What is the other name for Vitamin A?
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Retinol
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A deficiency in which vitamin causes Wernicke's encephalopathy, which is caused by chronic alcoholism?
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Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
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What are the functions for vitamin K?
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Functions
Blood clotting Bone development |
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What are the sources of Vitamin K?
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dark-green, leafy vegetables, soybean oil
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What is the other name for Vitamin C?
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Ascorbic Acid
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What are the food sources for Vitamin C?
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citrus fruits, kiwi, tomatoes, melons, strawberries, dark leafy vegetables, chili peppers, cabbage, broccoli, green and red peppers, potatoes
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What are the food sources for folate?
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Liver, green leafy vegetables, legumes, yeast,,, orange juice
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What is the other name for Folate?
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Folic acid, folacin
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What is caused by a folate defciency?
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Megaloblastic anemia (large, immature RBCs); poor growth; neural tube defects
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What are phytochemicals?
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compounds found in whole and unrefined foods derived from plants.
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What is biochemical individuality?
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means that each individual, although anatomically, physiologically, and biochemically similar, has a unique body. Biochemical changes are associated with the normal life cycle and disease processes.
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How are minerals classified?
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Minerals are classified according to the varying amounts of individual minerals in the body as either Major minerals or Trace minerals.
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What are the Major Minerals?
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Calcium
Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Magnesium Choride Sulfur |
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What are the Trace Minerals?
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Iron
Iodine Zinc Selenium Fluoride Copper Manganese Chromium Molybedeunum Cobalt Boron Vanadium Nickel |
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Which mineral treats or prevents the "most prevalent nutritional problem in the world today"
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iron (iron deficiency)
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What is the body's state of dynamic balance?
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Homeostasis
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Which body systems control the acid-base balance?
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When the chemical buffers cannot establish equilibrium, the respiratory and renal systems respond.
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Which organ excretes the largest amount of water?
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The Kidneys
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How much addtional protein does a pregnant woman need?
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protein should increase 25 g/day
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What major nutrients does a pregnant woman need?
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Increased Proteins, and minerals and Vitamins such as; Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, iron zinc, copper, and Folate.
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What is a teratogen?
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Drug or substance causing birth defects.
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How many additional calories does a pregnant woman need? Lactating?
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Pregnant- 340 kcal/day during second trimester and 450 kcal/day during third trimester
Lactating- 330 kcal/day in first six months and 400 kcal/day in second six months. |
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What is appropriate weight gain during pregnancy?
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average is 29lbs
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What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
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Fewer infections
Fewer allergies and intolerances Ease of digestion Improved cognitive development Decrease of childhood obesity and heart disease |
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What nutrients are essential for children?
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Carbs,
proteins, water vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, and Vitamins K and D |
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Why do kids need protein?
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Protein is the fundamental tissue building substance in the body and it supplies the essential amino acids for tissue growth and maintenance.
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What causes unintended weight loss in the elderly?
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Lack of loneliness and not wanting to eat alone
Lack of food availability b/c of social and economic resources oral problems general GI problems such as diminished taste and thirst sensations and decreased enzyme and mucus secretion |
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What are the benefits of physical activity for Senior adults?
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Helps maintain the ability to live independently and reduces fall risks
Can help reduce BP Reduces anxiety and depression symptoms Helps maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints Helps control joint swelling and pain associated with arthritis |
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What are the responsibitlites of the FDA?
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Enforces food sanitation and quality control
Controls food additives Regulates interstate food transport Maintains nutrition labeling Ensures public food service safety Provides consumer education Performs research |
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What does organic farming mean?
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Grow foods without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation
Raise animals and produce dairy products without antibiotics or growth hormones Natural pesticides may be used |
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What is Genetic modification?
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Reduces the need for toxic pesticides and herbicides
Example: Genetically modified corn that expresses a protein that acts as an insecticide |
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What is irridation?
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Kills bacteria and parasites on food after harvest
Prevents food-borne illness Can increase shelf life of produce |
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What are food additives?
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Chemicals intentionally added to foods to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life
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What is on a food label?
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Two types of label information
Food standards: lists all ingredients (“standard of identity”) Nutrition information: describes a food’s nutritional value |
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What is a pathogen?
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any disease-producing agent, esp. a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism
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What are the symptoms of food borne illnesses?
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Food-borne illness usually presents with flulike symptoms
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What causes Salmonellosis? How is it spread?
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Caused by Salmonella, which grow readily in milk, custard, egg dishes, salad dressing, sandwich fillings, seafood from polluted waters
Unsanitary food handling can spread bacteria |
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What causes Shigellosis? Where is it most common? It is usually confined where?
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Caused by Shigella, which grow easily in milk
Most common in young children Usually confined to large intestine |
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What causes Listeriosis?
Where does it grow? |
Caused by Listeria
Grows in soft cheese, poultry, seafood, raw milk, commercially broken and refrigerated raw eggs, meat products (such as pâté) |
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What causes Staphylococcal food poisoning? What are the sources?
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From Staphylococcus aureus
Source often is an infection on the hand of a food worker Many foods are effective carriers |
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What is Clostridial food poisoning?
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From Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum
C. perfringens are widespread in environment C. botulinum cause botulism (serious, often fatal food poisoning) |
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What prevents consumers from obtaining adequate food supplies?
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Lack of sanitation
Cultural inequality Overpopulation Economic and political structure Chronic food or nutrient shortages |
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What are lead poisoning sources? What is the most common source?
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Sources include lead paint, airborne lead particles, water from lead pipes
Most common source is paint |
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What is the main government agency responsible for food safety?
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FDA
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What is Kosher?
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Foods selected and prepared according to the rules of kashruth
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What foods are permitted in the Jewish culture?
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meats that come from animals that chew their cud and have cloven hooves. Pork and birds of prey are always avoided.
Meat and Milk cannot be mixed. Only fish with fins and scales No eggs with blood spots |
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What foods are normally permitted in the Muslim Culture?
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Milk
Breads and cereals Meats except for pork and swine |
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What is Halal?
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Meat that is equivalent of Kosher meat.
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What are the kinds of foods used in the Cajun Culture?
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Foods are strongly flavored, spicy
Seafood is abundant |
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What foods are used in the chinese culture?
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Use a wok for quick stir-frying with little fat
Vegetables and rice are staples Meat, eggs, and tofu are sources of protein |
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What foods are used in the Japanese culture?
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Rice is basic grain
Many varieties of fish and shellfish used Vegetables usually steamed Diet is high in sodium, low in m |
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What foods are used in the Southeast Asian culture?
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Rice is a staple
Soups are common Fish, shellfish, pork, chicken, and duck are common Red meat eaten only once or twice a month |
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How are food patterns in America changing?
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Rely on food in new forms for fast, complex lifestyles
More women are working Households are getting smaller More are living alone Meal patterns are evolving |
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How do we define Obesity?
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a BMI of 30 or more
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What are the causes of obesity?
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Basic energy balance
Hormonal control Leptin Ghrelin Genetic and family factors |
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What is the main cause of obesity in the US?
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The overall energy imbalance: more energy intake from food than energy output through physical activity and basal metabolic needs
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What is body composition?
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The relative sizes of the four body compartments that make up the total body; lean body mass (muscle mass), fat, water, and bone
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What are the characteristics of effective weight loss?
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Hard work and strong individual motivation. It must be a personalized program that focuses on changing food and exercise behaviors.
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When are medications and surgery used for weight loss?
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for clinical and severe obesity in patients who have not had success with other methods of long-term weight loss
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What are bulimia and anorexia?
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Anorexia: extreme psychophysiologic aversion to food resulting in life-threatening weight loss. The body is malnourished and extremely thin from self-starvation.
Bulimia-includes cycles of gorging on large quantities of food are followed by compesnsatory mechanisms, such as vomiting. |
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What determines the health of a community?
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Depends on safety of its available food and water supply
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What is the difference between physical activity and exercise?
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•Physical activity – body movement by contractions of muscles that substantially increase energy expenditure
•Exercise – Planned structure repetitive body movements done to promote or maintain one or more components of fitness |
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What is the current recommendation for exercise?
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60 minutes of moderate exercise every day
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What are the health benefits of exercise?
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•Helps manage health
•Reduces risk of chronic disease •Promotes independence •Increases quality of life |
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How does exercise decrease the risk of heart disease?
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•Improved heart function
•Improved blood cholesterol levels •Oxygen transport |
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How do we achieve aerobic benefits?
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Swimming, running, jogging, bicycling, aerobic dance routines and similar workouts.
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What is a target zone heart rate?
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Subtract age from 220 = pulse. Maximal heart rate zone is 70-85% of this calculated pulse
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What is aerobic capacity?
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Raising the pulse rate to within 60% to 90% to an individual’s maximal heart rate.
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What are the side effects of steroid use?
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•Masculinization
•Gynecomastia •Liver abnormalities (dysfunction, tumor and hepatitis) •Increase risk of atherosclerosis •Atrophy of testicles •Decreased sperm production •Psychological effects •Mood swings to depression and mania or hypomania |
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Discuss nutrition for athletic performance. Particularly susceptible to claims and myths about foods and dietary supplements
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•Carb loading
•Pregame meals •Hydration |
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What is person-centered care?
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Valid health care that is centered on the patient and his or her individual needs.
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What are the duties of a RD (Registered Dietitian)
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•Determine nutritional needs
•Plans and manages nutritional therapy •Evaluates the plan of care •Records the results |
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What are the phases of a care process?
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•Assessment
•Diagnosis •Intervention •Monitoring and evaluation |
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What are anthropometric measurements?
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•Age
•Gender •Height •Weight •Body frame •Body composition |
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What are types of diet modifications?
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•Total energy value of diet expressed in Kcals may be increased or decreased
•Nutrients - one or more of the essential nutrients (protein, carb, fat, minerals, vitamins and water) may be modified in amount or form •Texture – the texture or seasoning of the diet may be modified (liquid or low residue diet) |
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What are the modes of feeding?
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•Routine house diets
-Clear liquid: -Full liquid - Mechanical soft: -Regular house diet •Oral feeding •Assisted oral feeding •Enteral feeding (nasal and G tube) •Parenteral feeding (iv feeding) |
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What is a clear liquid diet?
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no milk, fat free broth, bullion, fruit juices, jello, popsicles, soft drinks, coffee and tea, decaffeinated coffee and tea, hard candy
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What is a Full liquid diet?
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same as clear plus strained or blended cream soups, cooked refined cereal, milk, cream, yogurt, vegetable juices or pureed vegetables, fruit juices, sherbet, ice cream, puddings, custard and frozen yogurt, all of condiments
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What is a mechanical soft diet?
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: same as clear and full soups plus all cream soups, cooked cereal, corn flakes, rice, noodles, pasta, white bread, crackers, melba toast zwieback. Milk and yogurt, eggs (not fried) mild cheese, cottage and cream cheeses, fowl, fish, tender beef, veal, lamb, liver and bacon. Baked mashed steamed, creamed scalloped potatoes. Fruit juices, cooked fruit and fresh fruits, sponge cake, plain cookies, plain cake, pudding and pie made with allowed foods. Mild salad dressing same as others
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How does the nurse carry out a nutritional plan of care?
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•Evaluated in terms of nutritional diagnosis and treatment objectives
•Continues through period of care, terminates at point of discharge •Includes: -Did diet meet nutritional goals -Changes? -Ability to follow diet |
