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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where in the brain to we "feel" hunger?
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Hypothalamus
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What kind of a sensation is hunger?
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Physiologic
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What are enzymes and what role do they play in digestion?
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Enzymes are proteins that facilitate a chemical reaction
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Pharynx
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Directs food from mouth to esophagus
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Saliva
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-Protects teeth & moistens food
-Aids in CHO digestion |
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What are some examples of people who may have digestion/absorption problems?
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-Cancer patients (saliva production)
-Elderly (poor dental health) -Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke |
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Peristalsis
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Wave-like muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.
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What is the main function of the Sphincter?
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Opens to the small intestine
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Whose stomachs are more basic, babies or adults and why?
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Babies stomachs are more basic (higher ph), that's why they spit up all the time; adults are more acidic so they don't spit up
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Chyme
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Food + Juices of the stomach = semi-liquid mass
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
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What do gastric glands secrete in the stomach?
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Gastric juices which is a mix of water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid is what burns if refluxed into the esophagus).
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What do Goblet Cells secrete?
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Mucus - protects from gastric juices
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Gastrin
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Hormone that stimulates gastric secretions
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Digestive Enzymes
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Proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds.
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What is the pH of the stomach in normal adults?
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1.5-1.7
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Cephalic Phase
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Sight, smell, taste stimulated
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What are the 4 phases of digestion in the stomach?
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1. Cephalic Phase
2. Gastric Phase 3. Intestinal Phase 4. Stomach Emptying |
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Where is the MAIN site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients?
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The Small Intestine - Duodenum
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Secretin
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Hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall; it targets the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the chyme
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CCK
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Cholecystokinin - Cells in the intestinal wall release this hormone which travels from blood to gallbladder stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile and it also travels to the pancreas to secrete its juices.
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When fat is present in the intestine...
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The gallbladder contracts to squirt bile to emulsify the fat.
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Emulsifier
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Promotes mixing of fat and oils
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Pancreatic juice
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Contains enzymes that act on all 3 energy nutrients (CHO, protein, & fat)
-Contains bicarbonate -Neutralizes the acidic chyme |
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IMPORTANT: SEE DIAGRAM IN NOTES
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-Duodenal Integration & Control (Response to Acidity)
-Regulation by CCK (duodenal response to food) |
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Simple Diffusion (Small intestine absorption)
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Nutrients (such as water and small lipids, 8-10 carbons) can cross into intestinal cells freely - No energy or carrier needed
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Facilitated Diffusion (Small intestine absorption)
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Nutrients (such as water-soluble vitamins) need a specific carrier to transport them from one side of the cell membrane to the other
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What is an example of something that uses Facilitated Diffusion?
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Intrinsic Factor B12
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Active Transport (Small intestine absorption)
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Nutrients (such as glucose and amino acids) move against a concentration gradient, which requires energy
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Small Intestine Structure
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-Villi
-Microvilli -Lacteal -Crypts -Ileocecal Valve |
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Villi
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Finger-like projections (small intestine cells)
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Microvilli
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Tiny, hair-like projections on a single villi
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Crypts
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Tubular glands (between villi) that secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine
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Lacteal
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Lymphatic Vessel
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4 main features of the Large Intestine
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-Colon
-Rectum -Intestinal microflora -Anus |
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Intestinal Microflora
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Bacteria in the intestines
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Where does most of the absorption occur in the large intestine?
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Within the 1st 100cm of the bowel - the colon absorbs about 7L of water
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What are Digestion and Absorption coordinated by?
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By the hormonal and nervous systems
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Hepatic Portal Vein
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Collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver
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Hepatic Vein
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Collects blood from the liver capillaries and returns it to the heart
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What is meant by "the liver is a gatekeeper"?
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It defends against substances that might harm the heart or brain
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
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Water-soluble molecule transportation. Multiple capillaries merge to form venules, venules merge to form veins, veins form hepatic portal vein.
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What is the breakdown/route (simplest form) of Hepatic Portal Circulation?
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heart-->arteries-->capillaries (intestine)-->hepatic portal vein-->capillaries (liver)-->hepatic vein-->heart
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Lymphatic System
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Network of lymph vessels, structure and organs which contain infection-fighting cells
-Conveys fluid towards the heart |
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What are transported via the lymphatic system?
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-Triglycerides
-Fat-Soluble vitamins |
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Thoracic Duct
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Main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the subclavian vein
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Subclavian Vein
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Passageway between lymphatic and vascular systems
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What are some digestive problems (3)?
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-Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) -Food Allergies |
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty Swallowing
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PUD
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Peptic Ulcer Disease - An erosion in the GI mucosa resulting from the destructive effects of gastric acid and pepsin (excessive gastric secretions). Can be caused by Helicobacter pylori (bugs on food/stress)
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Treatment for Peptic Ulcer Disease
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-Anti-Inflammatory Medications
-Antibiotics |
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Gastric Bypass Surgery
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Construction of a small stomach pouch; outlet goes directly to the small intestine bypassing most of the stomach, the entire duodenum, and some of the jejunum.
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Gastrectomy
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Surgical removal of part of, or all of, the stomach
-Usually done with cancer patients |
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What is Gastric Resectioning surgery used for?
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Ulcers
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Vagotomy
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Severs the vagus nerve in order to suppress gastric acid secretions
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Pyloroplasty
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Widens the pyloric sphincter
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Lap-Band Procedure
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Gastric band reduces the opening from the esophagus to the stomach. The opening can be adjusted by inflating or deflating the band.
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Gastroduodenostomy
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Stomach to duodenum (no more sphincter)
-dumping syndrome risk |
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Gastrojejunostomy
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Stomach to jejunum (creation of a blind loop)
-risk of bacterial overgrowth |
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What is one problem of total Gastrectomy's?
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No intrinsic factor in their stomach, so no B12 absorption
-need B12 sublingually or get a shot once a month |
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Diet for Post-Gastric Surgery
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-Small frequent meals
-No sweets or sugars -Liquids 1/2 hour after meals |
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What are the 2 greatest risks for Gastric Surgeries?
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-At risk for iron and B12 malabsorption
-At risk for dumping syndrome |
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Dumping Syndrome
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-Rapid emptying of hypertonic gastric contents
-Common complication post gastric surgeries |
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Symptoms of Dumping Syndrome
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Sweating, light-headed, N/V, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
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What are the initial and later symptoms of Dumping Syndrome?
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-Initial symptoms due to intestinal distention resulting vasoactive response
-Later symptoms due to hypoglycemia |
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Hypoglycemia
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-Rapid release of glucose in system
-Increase and excessive response of insulin |
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What are the 2 most common Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and what are Inflammatory Bowel Diseases?
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1.Crohn's Disease
2. Ulcerative Colitis -Chronic inflammatory disorders that damage GI tissue |
