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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most abundant molecule in the body
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water
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fluids are lost through what processes
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respiration
perspiration excretion |
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3 key factors under tight intracellular and intracellular control
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water
electrolyte distribution pH |
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the dissolved minerals the body tells on for water regulation
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sodium
chloride potassium phosphorus |
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electrolytes are responsible for
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water balance
acid base balance conduction of nerve impulses |
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how much of muscle tissue is water
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73%
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how much of adipose tissue is water
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10-20%
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how much water does bone contain
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20%
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prevent of body water in lean athletes
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70%
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how much of the body is water
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50-70%
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functions of water
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solvent
heat lubricant |
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why is water the universal solvent
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so many solutes can be dissolved in it
ideal transport for nutrient and waste medium for chemical reactions of metabolism |
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primary component of blood and lymph
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water
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typical urine output per day
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1 liter
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what is a by product of metabolism when carbs, proteins and lipids are metabolized for energy
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water
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how much water per day is metabolic
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1 cup
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why doors water temp change slowly
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great ability to hold heat
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why are water molecules attracted to each other
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they are polar
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how does perspiration cool the body
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as sweat evaporates, heat energy is released thus cooling the body
blood vessels become larger in response to increased body temperature allowing greater water loss |
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each quarter of water lost through perspiration is equal to how much energy (1 liter or 2 pounds)
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600 kilocalories
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how much of the chemical energy in food is turned into body heat
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60%
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how much of the chemical energy in food is converted to energy cells can use (ATP)
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40%
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almost all energy leaves the body in what form
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heat
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primary way to prevent a rose in body temperature
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perspiration
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an increase in body temperature caused by an infection
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fever
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for every 1 degree increase in internal body temperature, basal metabolism increases how much
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7%
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water based secretions are produced by what parts of the body
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digestive tract
respiratory tract urogenital tract eyes skin |
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function of mucus
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provides protective fluid coating throughout the digestive tract
coat lungs providing an immunologic function |
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other functions of water
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helps form lubricant in joints
cushions spinal cord and brain basis of amniotic fluid tears |
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what systems work together to maintain fluid balance
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nervous
endocrine digestive urinary |
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AI for water
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11 cups women
15 cups men |
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for fluid alone, AI for water is
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9 cups women
13 cups men |
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biggest contributors to water intake
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water
fruit juice coffee tea soft drinks milk alcoholic beverages |
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fruits and vegetables are what percent water
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80%
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many meats are what percent water
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50%
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water from food supplies how much water per day
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2 cups
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water output includes water lost from
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urine
skin lungs feces |
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what foods have almost no water
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fats and oils
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what accounts for the greatest source of water output
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urine
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removal of daily waste requires how much water
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2 cups
500 milliliters |
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amount of water lost through skin on days of low physical activity
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1 liter
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how is water lost through the lungs
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in the form of water vapor in exhaled air
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term used to describe water losses that are difficult to measure
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insensible
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how much water is list via feces each day
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1\2 cup
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how much water enters the digestive tract daily through secretions from the mouth, stomach, intestine, pancreas and other organs
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35 cups
8000 milliliters |
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what happens to most of the water that enters the digestive tract
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absorbed by small intestine
some is taken up by colon |
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how much water can the kidneys reabsorb each day
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97%
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factors that influence water loss
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alcohol intake
caffeine altitude temperature humidity physical activity |
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what happens if the body registers a water shortage
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increases fluid conservation
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blood pressure and concentration of solutes in blood are closely monitored by what
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kidneys
blood vessels brain |
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hormones involved in conservation of water
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ADH ( antidiuretic hormone)
angiotensin aldosterone |
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how does the body specifically conserve water
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pituitary gland senses concentration of solutes in the blood
when concentration is high, pituitary gland releases ADH kidneys respond to ADH by reducing urine output |
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functions of ADH
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causes blood vessel constriction (raises blood pressure)
activates kidneys to decrease urine production and output |
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low blood pressure specifically triggers what reaction
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triggers release of enzyme which activates angiotensin and aldosterone
these hormones signal kidneys to retain more sodium and in turn more water |
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thirst kicks in when a person loses how much weight in fluids
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1-2%
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muscles lose significant strength and endurance and central nervous system is negatively affected when how much weight in fluids is lost
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4%
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what ate symptoms after 4% fluid weight loss
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loss of muscle strength
loss of endurance flushed skin impatience drowsiness apathy emotional instability hindered central nervous system function memory and reaction time are compromised |
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what are the symptoms of a10% loss of body fluid weight
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heat intolerance
weakness muscle cramps loss of balance delirium swollen tongue circulatory insufficiency marked hemoconcentration decreased blood volume dehydration which can lead to kidney failure, comma and death |
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symptoms of heat stroke
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increased heart rate
dry skin (dehydration and loss of ability to control body temperature) |
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symptoms from 6% loss of fluid weight
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tingling in arms and feet
stumbling headache heat exhaustion dizziness fatigue nausea elevated respiratory rate |
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symptoms from 8% loss in fluid body weight
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labored breathing
dizziness cyanosis indistinct speech increasing weakness mental confusion |
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potential consequence of inadequate fluid intake
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kidney stones
-when urine production is lower than 500 milliliters per day and the kidneys are forced to form concentrated urine |
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how do kidney stones form
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from minerals and other substances that have precipitated out of the urine and accumulated in the kidney
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simplest way to determine if water intake is adequate
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observe urine color
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of hydration is adequate urine color will be
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clear or pale yellow
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factors that influence urine color
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b vitamins
medications foods such as carrot juice, pumpkin and winter squash fava beans rhubarb beets blackberries asparagus |
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1 pound of water is equal to
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1 pint
2 cups |
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how much of the water consumed can the body absorb
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60%
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athletes should dink how much easter with respect to how much is lost
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50% more on average
-should consume 2-3 cups of fluid for every pound lost during training |
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a healthy person can process how much urine per day
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15 liters
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water toxicity is called
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hyponatremia
water intoxication |
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symptoms of hyponatremia
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tissue swelling
irregular heartbeat fluid enters lungs brain and nerves swell headaches confusion seizures coma |
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how do you treat hyponatremia
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restrict water intake
administer concentrated salt solution |
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water that had high levels of calcium and magnesium
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hard water
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characteristics of hard water
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high levels of magnesium and calcium
89% of household difficult to work up lather |
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characteristics of soft water
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high in sodium
found in pacific and northwest, new England, south Atlantic gulf, Hawaii |
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how is hard water converted to soft
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calcium and magnesium exchange with sodium in the softener device
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consequence of soft water
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high in sodium
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water entering the home generally goes through what type of filter
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charcoal carbon filter; carbon attracts compounds present in tap water to remove flavors
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how much bottled water do Americans consume
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29.2 gallons per year
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most bottled water is treated with what chemical
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ozone (doesn't impart flavor)
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tap water is treated with what chemical
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chlorine
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who regulates public water supplies
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EPA
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who regulates bottled water
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FDA
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major differences between bottled and trap water
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who regulates it
addition of fluoride delivery |
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impact of bottled water
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energy use
recycling concerns waste disposal concerns plastic has a shelf life |
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what factors contribute to the safety of the plastic used to package bottled water
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temperature
age acidity of contents type of plastic |
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guidelines for property use of water bottles
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stainless steel is best if going to be reused
recycling codes 2&4 (least harmful) recycling code 7 if BPA free about cycle codes 3 & 7 without BPA free choose a bottle with a wide mouth so it can be cleaned do not use if scratched or cracked do not store in hot place |
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characteristics of BPA
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bisphenyl A
organic compound used to make clear bottles can leach into contents endocrine disrupter (can mimic bodies hormones) |
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water found inside the cell membrane
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intracellular fluid
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intracellular fluid accounts for much fluid in the body
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63%
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the fluid Orion of blood and lymph account for how much of the fluid inside the body
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7%
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the fluid between cells
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interstitial fluid
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interstitial fluid accounts for what percent of body fluid
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30%
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total fluid volume in the body
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40 liters
165 cups |
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how does the body control fluid regulation in and out of cells
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ions
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ions showing the transfer of electrical current
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electrolytes
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4 electrolytes which dominate
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sodium
chloride potassium phosphate |
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electrolytes primarily found in extracellular fluid
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sodium
chloride |
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electrolytes found in intracellular fluid
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potassium
phosphate |
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describes the passage of water through a membrane from an area of lower electrolyte concentration to an area of higher electrolyte concentration
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osmosis
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term used to describe the concentration of electrolytes being in equal concentration
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isotonic
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term used to describe situation in which intracellular concentration of electrolytes is low compared to that of extracellular concentration
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hypotonic
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term used to describe situation in which electrolyte concentration inside the cell is lie compared to extracellular environment
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hypertonic
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in a hypotonic situation, which way will water flow
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into the cell
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in a hypertonic situation, water will flow in which direction
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water will flow outside of the cell
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water follows what
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sodium
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water follows what
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sodium
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how can dehydration result in death
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fluid losses from the gastrointestinal tract result in an increased concentration of electrolytes in extracellular space.
intracellular fluid flow out of cells to dilute but shrink and can lose ability to function normally |
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how do cells manage water regulation through sodium
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all membranes contain an energy dependent pump that can transfer sodium from inside to outside the cell
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what happens when sodium is actively pumped out of the cell
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potassium enters the cell in order to balance the loss of positively charged sodium ions
*rate at which sodium is pumped out exceeds rate in which potassium flows in |
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what happens in response to stimuli with respect to ion concentrations
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positively charged sodium ions rush into the cell causing the cell to become less negatively charged
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term describing the rush of sodium ions into the cell in response to stimuli
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depolarization
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the electrical signal stimulating rush of sodium ions into cells and that signals the same action in adjacent cells
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action potential
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restoration of a slightly negative charge inside the cell to reestablish normal electrolyte balance
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repolarization
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what occurs if pH is even slightly off
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the ability for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen and the rate at which it happens will be negatively affected
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how is pH determined
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concentration of hydrogen ions
H+ |
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the fact that the pH scale is logarithmic means what
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a change of 1 pH unit (8 to 7) is equivalent to a ten fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration
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any pH above 7 is what
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basic
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any pH below 7 is what
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acidic
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any pH below 7 is what
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acidic
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acids are continuously produced by what reactions
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as carbs, lipids and proteins ate used by the body to provide energy
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under normal conditions the pH of the body is what
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7.4
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a large production of acids results in what
|
acidosis
7.0-7.3 |
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when is acidosis likely to occur
|
poorly controlled diabetes
starvation diarrhea conditions when is too much carbon dioxide being produced for an extended period of time |
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alkalosis is likely to occur when
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body loses too much acid through diuretics, vomiting or conditions in which you exhale too much carbon dioxide (pneumonia or altitude sickness)
7.5 or higher agitated and dizzy |
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regulation of pH includes what
|
buffer systems
respiratory system kidney secretion of excess acid or base |
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how do proteins influence the buffer system
|
bind or release hydrogen ions to control pH
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increased production and release of carbon dioxide can have what effect
|
lower pH
co2 dissolves in blood or water creating an acidic compound |
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what electrolyte specifically acts in the kidney to control release of acid and base in the urine
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sodium
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most widely used buffers in scientific labs
|
sodium
potassium salts of phosphoric acid |
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salt is composed primarily of what
|
40% sodium
60% chloride |
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one teaspoon of salt contains how much sodium
|
2400 milligrams
|
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what happens when salt is dissolved in water
|
chemical bonds holding sodium and chloride together breaks and two charged ions are released
Na+ Cl- |
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other functions of sodium
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nerve impulses conduction
absorption of some nutrients (glucose) |
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what occurs if blood sodium levels are low
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sodium is secreted back into the blood by the kidneys
results in less urine output |
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what happens if blood sodium levels are too high
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sodium is filtered out by the kidneys and excreted into urine
results in greater urine output |
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at what point should sodium losses caused concern
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when weight loss from perspiration exceeds 2-3% of total body weight
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sodium deficiency
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hyponatremia
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how much sodium does perspiration contain
|
2\3 sodium concentration found in blood
1 gram of sodium per liter |
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how much of the sodium we consume is added in the form of salt
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77%
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how much of the sodium we consume is naturally occurring in the foods we eat
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12%
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sodium AI in adults 9-50
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1500 milligrams
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DV for sodium in adults
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2400 milligrams
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UL of sodium in adults
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2300 milligrams
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AI for sodium in adults 51-70
|
1300 milligrams
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AI for sodium in adults over 70
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1200 milligrams
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major food contributors of salt
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white bread
hot dogs lunch meat cheese soups foods with tomatoe sauce |
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amount of sodium typically consumed by adults
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2300-4700 milligrams
|
|
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characteristics of sea salt
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made by evaporating sea water
coarser texture may contain traces of magnesium, calcium and potassium |
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most table salt is fortified with what
|
iodide
*essential for thyroid function |
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ten used to describe people whose sodium intake has a direct effect on their blood pressure
|
sodium sensitive
10-15% |
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groups that are prone to bring sodium sensitive
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African Americans
Asian Americans people who are overweight or have diabetes |
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sodium is linked to calcium in what way
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if sodium intake is greater than 2000 milligrams per day, calcium lost through urine increases along with the sodium excreted
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how long does it take to retrain taste buds to sense sodium
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6-8 weeks
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lower sodium and higher what reduces risk for cardiovascular disease
|
potassium
|
|
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what mineral appears to lower blood pressure
|
potassium
|
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what percent of Americans typically exceed the UL for sodium
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95%
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american heart association recommends how much sodium
|
1500 milligrams
take stronger position than guidelines set |
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functions of potassium
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water balance
nerve impulse transmission |
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where is the majority of potassium in the body
|
intracellular fluid
95% |
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what percent of potassium consumed is absorbed
|
90%
|
|
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symptoms resulting from low potassium in the blood
|
loss of appetite
muscle cramps confusion constipation irregular heart beat |
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which food groups are good sources of potassium
|
vegetables
fruits |
|
|
rich sources of potassium
|
fruits
vegetables milk while grains dried beans meats major contributors in our diet: milk potatoes beef coffee tomatoes orange juice |
|
|
AI for potassium
|
4700 milligrams
|
|
|
DV for potassium
|
3500 milligrams
|
|
|
UL for potassium
|
none set
|
|
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Americans typically consume how much potassium
|
2000-3000 milligrams
|
|
|
low blood potassium levels
|
hypokalemia
|
|
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people at risk for low potassium
|
athletes
petiole on very low calorie diets |
|
|
consequences of diuretics
|
may increase urinary excretion of minerals
potassium magnesium zinc |
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how does one result with elevated potassium levels
|
poor kidney function
*can inhibit heart function *leads to a slowed heart beat |
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|
negative ion primarily found in extracellular fluid
|
chloride
|
|
|
poisonous gas used to disinfect municipal water supplies
|
chlorine
|
|
|
other functions of chloride aside from fluid regulation
|
component of acid produced in the stomach (hydrochloric acid)
used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells nervous system function |
|
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principal route of chloride excretion
|
kidneys
some in perspiration |
|
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why is chloride deficiency unlikely
|
or salt intake is so high
|
|
|
good sources of natural chloride
|
fruits
vegetables seaweed celery tomatoes olives chlorinated water |
|
|
AI for chloride is based on what
|
40:60 ratio of sodium to chloride in salt
2300 milligrams |
|
|
DV for chloride
|
3400 milligrams
|
|
|
UL for chloride
|
3600 milligrams
|
|
|
UL for chloride
|
3600 milligrams
|
|
|
what preventive of adults are hypertensive
|
1 in 5
|
|
|
what preventive of adults are hypertensive
|
1 in 5
|
|
|
blood pressure is expressed by what two numbers
|
diastolic
systolic |
|
|
the higher number in blood pressure represents which reading
|
systolic pressure
|
|
|
pursue in the arteries when the heart muscle is contracting and pumping blood
|
systolic
|
|
|
optimal systolic blood pressure
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120 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or less
|
|
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artery pressure when the heart is relaxed
|
diastolic
|
|
|
artery pressure when the heart is relaxed
|
diastolic
|
|
|
optimal diastolic blood pressure
|
80
|
|
|
cutoff for hypertension
|
140\90 mm Hg
|
|
|
sustained systolic pressure exceeding 139 mm Hg out diastolic pressure exceeding 89 mm Hg
|
hypertension
|
|
|
cases of hypertension with no clear cut cause
|
primary hypertension
essential hypertension accounts for 95% of cases |
|
|
conditions leading to remaining 5% of hypertension cases
|
kidney disease
sleep apnea |
|
|
secondary hypertension
|
5% of cases that can be attributed to a clear cause
|
|
|
populations at higher risk for hypertension
|
African Americans
Asian Americans |
|
|
why is hypertension often termed a silent disorder
|
usually does not cause symptoms
|
|
|
why control blood pressure
|
cardiovascular disease
kidney disease stroke decline in brain function poor blood circulation vision problems sudden death |
|
|
risk factors associated with hypertension
|
family history
increased blood pressure obesity inactivity excess alcohol intake |
|
|
how is blood pressure linked to atherosclerosis
|
as plaque builds up in arteries they become less flexible and rigid and cannot expand thus blood pressure remains high.
plaque begins to decrease blood supply to the kidneys decreasing their ability to control blood volume and in turn blood pressure |
|
|
what is the risk factor for people who ate overweight to develop hypertension
|
6x's greater
|
|
|
number one lifestyle factor linked to hypertension
|
obesity
|
|
|
how are blood vessels affected by obesity
|
extra miles of blood vessels increase work by the heart and blood pressure
|
|
|
how are obesity, hypertension and insulin related
|
if elevated blood insulin levels result from insulin resistant adipose cells
increased insulin augments sodium retention in the body and accelerates atherosclerosis |
|
|
number two lifestyle factor related to hypertension
|
inactivity
|
|
|
alcohol is responsible for what percent of cases of hypertension
|
10%
|
|
|
DASH diet
|
dietary approaches to stop hypertension
low salt intake increased mineral intake including calcium, potassium and magnesium |
|
|
benefits of DASH diet
|
decreased blood pressure within days
treatment for hypertension |
|
|
how do diuretics treat hypertension
|
reduce blood volume (and blood pressure) by increasing fluid output in the urine
|
|
|
how do medications other than diuretics work to treat hypertension
|
slow heart rate
cause relaxation of muscles lining blood vessels |
|
|
recommendations for treating hypertension
|
lose excess weight
follow DASH diet exercise daily limit sodium limit alcohol |
