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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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amino acid
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An acid containing the essential element nitrogen ( in the amino group -- NH2). Amino acids are the structural units of protein and the basic building blocks of the body.
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carboxyl (COOH) group
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The monovalent radical, COOH, found in organic acids.
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amphoteric
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Having opposite characteristics; capable of acting either as an acid or a base or combining with an acid or a base.
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buffer
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Mixture of acid and alkaline components that when added to a solution is able to protect it against large changes in pH, even when strong acids and bases are added. If an acid is added, the alkaline partner reacts to counteract the acidic effect. If a base is added, the acid partner reacts to counteract the alkalizing effect. A solution to which a buffer has been added is called a buffered solution. This process keeps important body fluids at the pH levels required for life.
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indispensable (essential) amino acid
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An amino acid that the body cannot synthesize or cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts to meet body needs so must be supplied by the diet. The nine indespensible amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Six amino acids are conditionally indespesable because the body cannot synthesize sufficient amounts under certain conditions.
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peptide bond
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The characteristic joining of amino acids to form proteins. Such a chain of amino acids is termed a peptide. Depending on the number of amino acid units, it may be a dipeptide or a large polypeptide.
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homeostasis
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State of dynamic equilibrium within the body's internal environment; a balance achieved through the operation of various interrelated physiologic mechanisms.
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protein balance
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The balance between the building up (anabolism) and the breaking down(catabolism) of body tissues, necessary to maintain positive growth and maintenance.
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synthesis
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The making of a substance or compound by the body.
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anabolism
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Making process for building tissues.
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catabolism
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Metabolic process for breaking down body tissues; the opposite of anabolism
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labile
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Easily changed or modified; unstable.
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nitrogen balance
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The metabolic balance between nitrogen intake in dietary protein and nitrogen losses in urine, feces, sweat, and cells; 6.25 g dietary protein contains 1g of nitrogen.
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limiting amino acid
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The indespensible amino acid in a food found in the smallest amount as related to the Reference Amino Acid Pattern.
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incomplete protein
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A protein with a lower amount of one or more of the indispensable amino acids or missing an indispensable amino acid needed to form body proteins.
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pepsin
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A gastric enzyme specific for proteins. Pepsin breaks large protein molecules into shorter chain polypeptides, prteases, and peptones. Gastric bydrochloric acid is necessary to activate pepsin.
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proenzyme
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An inactive precursor converted to the active enzyme by the action of an acid or other enzyme.
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trypsin
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A pancreatic enzyme activated in the intestine from its precursor trypsinogen; it acts on proteins and polypeptides to yield smaller peptides and dipepetides.
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chymotrypsin
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A pancreatic enzyme activated in the intestine from its precursor chymotrypsinogen. It breaks peptide linkages, froming smaller polypeptides and dipeptides.
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carboxypeptidase
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A protein-splitting enzyme that cuts the peptide bond at the carboxyl (COOH) end of the chain, producing smaller peptide chains and free amino acids.
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aminopeptidase
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A protein-splitting enzyme that cuts the peptide bond at the amino end of the chain, producing smaller peptide chains and free amino acids.
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dipeptidase
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Final enzyme in the protein-splitting series that cleaves dipeptides to yield two free amino acids.
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hydrolysis
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Process by which a chemical compound is split into simpler compounds by taking up molecules of water. This process occurs naturally in digestion.
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