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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most abundant carbohydrate?
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Glucose
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What kind of carbohydrates are commonly referred to as sugars?
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Simple carbs
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What are the two types of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides and disaccharides
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Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of what kind of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides
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Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are examples of what kind of carbohydrates?
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Disaccharides
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Which carbohydrate is known as the sweetest natural sugar?
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Fructose
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Which monosaccharide is not found alone in food?
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Galactose
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When galactose binds with glucose, what carbohydrate is formed?
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Lactose
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Maltose is a combination of what carbohydrates?
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Two molecules of glucose
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Glucose binds with fructose to form what carbohydrate?
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Sucrose
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What are the names of the 3 disaccharides?
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Sucrose, lactose, and maltose
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What are the names of the 3 monosaccharides?
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glucose, galactose, and fructose
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Which carbohydrate is called "milk sugar"?
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lactose
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Which carbohydrate joins in food to form starch molecules?
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maltose
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Which carbohydrate is a by-product of fermentation?
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maltose
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Which disaccharide is found in sugarcane, beets, and honey?
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Sucrose
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What are the two types of complex carbohydrates?
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Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
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Which complex carbohydrate contains more glucose molecules: oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides?
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Polysaccharides
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Are starch, glycogen, and fibers examples of simple carbohydrates or complex carbohydrates?
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Complex
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What are 3 types of starch?
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amylose, amylopectin, fiber
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What is another name for fiber?
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resistant starch
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What type of starch is largely indigestible?
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fiber
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A straight chain of glucose is what kind of starch?
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amylose
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A branched chain of glucose is what kind of starch?
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amylopectin
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What links glucose molecules to create molecules of resistant starch (fiber)?
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beta bonds
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In what form do animals store glucose?
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Glycogen
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What food sources is glycogen found in?
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NONE
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Where is glycogen stored in animals?
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Liver and the muscles
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What type of fiber has known health benefits?
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Functional fibers
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What are the two components of "total fiber"?
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Dietary fiber + functional fiber
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What type of fiber dissolves in water, and is viscous and gel-forming?
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Soluble fiber
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What type of fiber cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon?
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Insoluble fiber
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What form does salivary amylase break carbohydrates down to?
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maltose
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Does carbohydrate digestion occur in the stomach? Why or why not?
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No, because stomach acid deactivates salivary amylase
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Where does most chemical digestion of carbohydrates occur?
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Small intestine
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What enzyme does the pancreas create and secrete into the small intestine for digestion of carbohydrates?
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Pancreatic amylase
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What 3 enzymes in the microvilli digest disaccharides to monosaccharides?
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maltase, lactase, sucrase
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Where do monosaccharides go after being absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine?
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the blood stream
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Monosaccharides are converted to what form by the liver?
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Glucose
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What is the primary energy source of humans?
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Glucose in the blood stream
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Where and in what form is excess glucose stored?
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In the muscles and liver as glycogen
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Why can we not digest fiber?
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We don't have the necessary enzymes
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In the large intestine, what is capable of digesting SOME fiber?
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bacteria
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Where do bacteria live that are capable of digesting SOME fiber?
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The large intestine
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What 5 hormones control blood glucose levels?
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Insulin
Glucagon Epinephrine Norepinephrine Cortisol Growth hormone |
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What secretes insulin?
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Beta cells in the pancreas
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What hormone stimulates glucose transporters (carrier proteins) to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane?
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insulin
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What stimulates the liver to take up glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen?
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insulin
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What secretes glucagon?
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alpha cells in the pancreas
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What do alpha cells (in the pancreas) secrete?
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glucagon
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What do beta cells (in the pancreas) secrete?
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insulin
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What stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose?
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glucagon
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What is the process of producing glucose from amino acids called?
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Gluconeogenesis
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What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
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Glucagon
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Where are cortisol and growth hormone secreted?
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The adrenal glands
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What do cortisol and growth hormone act on?
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the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
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What does cortisol increase and decrease?
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Increase: gluconeogenesis
Decrease: muscle glucose use |
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What does growth hormone increase and decrease?
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Increase: Fatty acid mobilization, liver glucose output
Decrease: muscle glucose uptake |
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What is the glycemic index?
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A food's potential to raise blood glucose
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(Grams of carbohydrates) times (glycemic index) equals what?
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Glycemic load for that food
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What is the only thing that red blood cells use for energy?
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Glucose
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What is it called when excessive ketones increase blood acidity?
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Ketoacidosis
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What does the body use for glucose production in the process of gluconeogenesis?
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Proteins
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Fiber may reduce the risk of what kind of cancer?
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Colon cancer
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What is the RDA for carbohydrates?
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130 grams
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What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?
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45%-65%
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Added sugar intake should be what percent or less of total daily energy intake?
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25% or less
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What's the difference between enriched and fortified foods?
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Enriched foods originally had the nutrients that are being replaced
Fortified foods never contained the nutrients being added |
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What's the difference between nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners?
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Nutritive supply energy while non-nutritive do not.
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Saccharin
Acesulfame-K Aspartame Sucralose Truvia and PureVia are examples of what? |
Alternative sweeteners
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What is the name of the condition characterized by the inability to regulate blood glucose levels?
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Diabetes
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Tingling/numbness in the hands or feet, blurred vision, and frequent infections are characteristics of which type of diabetes?
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Type 2 diabetes
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Which type of diabetes was once known as adult-onset diabetes, and is now increasingly showing up in children?
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Type 2 diabetes
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If the pancreas secretes too much insulin after a high-carbohydrate meal, this is known as what kind of hypoglycemia?
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Reactive hypoglycemia
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If the pancreas produces too much insulin, even when someone has not eaten, this is known as what?
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Fasting hypoglycemia
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