Nutrition Chapter 3

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lipids

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Chemical group name for fats and fat-related compounds such as cholesterol, lipoproteins, and phopholipids; general group name for organic subsrances of a fatty nature including fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.

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fatty acid

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The building block or structural component of fats.

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adipose

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Cells and tissues that store fat

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organic

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Carbon-based chemical compounds

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saturated

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Term used for a substance that is united with the greatest possible number of other atoms or chemical groups through solution, chemical combination, or the like. A fatty acid is saturated if all available chemical bonds of its carbon chain are filled with hydrogen. A fat is saturated if the majority of fatty acids making up its structure are saturated.

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linolenic acid

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An essential fatty acid for humans; an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

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alpha-linolenic acid

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An essential fatty acid for humans; an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

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essential fatty acid

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A fatty acid that must be supplied in the diet because the body cannot make it or cannot make it in sufficient amounts.

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prostaglandins

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Group of naturally occurring substances derived from lon-chain fatty acids that have multiple local hormonelike action; they regulate gastric acid secretion, blood platelet aggragation, body temperature, and tissue inflammation.

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triglyceride

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Chemical name for fat that indicates that the structure of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol base. A neutral fat synthesized from carbohydrate and stored in adipose tissue; it releases free fatty acids into the blood when hydrolyzed by enzymes.

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glycerol

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An alcohol that is esterified with fatty acids to produce fats and released when fats are hydrolyzed; a colorless, odorless, syrupy sweet liquid.

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glyceride

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Group name for fats; any of a group of esters obtained from glycerol by the replacement of one, two, or three hydroxyl (OH) groups with a fatty acid. Monoglycerides contain one fatty acid; diglycerides contain two fatty acids; and trglycerides contain three fatty acids. Glycerides are the principal constituent of adipose tissue and are found in animal and plant fats and oils.

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eicosanoids

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Long-chain fatty acids composed of 20 carbon atoms.

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hydrogenation

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Process used to produce margarine and shortening from vegetable oil; when vegetable oils are exposed to hydrogen gas, hydrogen atoms are added at many of the double bonds of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, forming a solid fat.

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cholesterol

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A fat-related compound; a sterol (C27H45OH) that is normally found in bile and is a principal constituent of gallstones. Cholesterol is synthesized by the liver and is a precursor of various steroid hormones, such as sex hormones and adrenal corticoids. It is found in animal tissues such as meat, egg yolk, and milk fat.

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steroids

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Group name for lipid-based sterols including hormones, bile acids, and cholesterol

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ester

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A compound produced by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of a molecule of water. This process is called esterification. A triglyceride is a glycerol ester, and cholesterol forms esters by combining with fatty acids, largely linoleic acid.

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lipoprotein

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Noncovalent complexes of fat with protein. The lipoproteins function as major carriers of lipids in the plasma; this combination of fat surrounded by protein makes possible the transport of fatty substances in a water meduim such as plasma.

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phospholipid

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A class of fat-related substances that contain phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nirtogenous base. The phopholipids are important components of cell membranes, nerve tissues, and lipoproteins.

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apolipoprotein

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A protein compound that attaches to a specific receptor site on a particular lipoprotein and ativates certain functions, such as synthesis of a related enzyme. An example is apolipoprotein C II, an apolipoprotein of chylomicrons and very low-density (VLD) lipoproteins that activates the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which helps move fats into the cell.

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endogenous

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Originating from within the body; an example is endogenous cholesterol, which is produced by cells in the liver.

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lipase

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Group of fat enzymes tha tcut the ester linkages between the fatty acids and glycerol in triglycerides (fats).

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cholecystokinin (CCK)

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A peptide hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa when fat is present. Cholecystokinin causes the gallbladder to contract and propel bile into the duodenum, where it is needed to emulsify the fat and prepare it for digestion and absorption

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bile

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A fluid secreted by the liver and transported to the gallbladder for concentration and storage. It is released into the duodenum on entry of fat and acts an emusifier to facilitate emzymatic fat digestion.

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emulsifier

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An agent that breaks down large fat globules to smaller, uniformly distributed particles. This action is accomplished in the intestine by bile acids, which lower the surtface tension of the fat particles. Emulsification increases the surface area of fat, facilitating contact with digestive enzymes.

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micellar bile-lipid complex

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A combination of bile and fat that carries fat into the wall of the small intestine in preparation of the final stage of absorption into the circulation.

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chylmicrons

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Lipoproteins formed in the intestinal wass after a meal that carry food fats into the lymph and then he general circulation for transport to body cells.