Nutrition Chapter 2 Vocab

Front 1

the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

Back 1

digestion (to take apart)

Front 2

the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

Back 2

absorption (absorb is to suck in)

Front 3

the digestive tract. the principle organs are the ____ and _____.

Back 3

gastrointestinal (GI) tract; stomach and intestines.

Front 4

a portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time

Back 4

bolus

Front 5

the space within a vessel, such as the intestine

Back 5

lumen

Front 6

the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth

Back 6

mouth

Front 7

the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively

Back 7

pharynx

Front 8

cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows

Back 8

epiglottis

Front 9

the food pipe; the conduit from the mouth to the stomach

Back 9

esophagus

Front 10

a circular muscle surrounding, and able to close, a body opening. they are found at specific points along the GI tract and regulate the flow of food particles

Back 10

sphincter

Front 11

a sphincter muscle at the upper or lower end of the esophagus.

Back 11

esophageal sphincter (the lower esophageal sphincter is also called the cardiac sphincter)

Front 12

a muscular, elastic, saclike portion of the digestive tract that grinds and churns swallowed food, mixing it with acid and enzymes to form chyme.

Back 12

stomach

Front 13

the circular muscle that separates the stomach from the small intestine and regulates the flow of partially disgested food into the small intestine

Back 13

pyloric sphincter

Front 14

a 10-foot length of small-diameter intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. made of 3 segments: ___, ___, ___.

Back 14

small intestine; duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 15

the organ that stores and concentrates bile. it receives a signal that fat is present in the duodenum and it contracts and squirts bile through the bile duct into the duodenum

Back 15

gallbladder

Front 16

a gland that secretes digestive enzymes and juices into the duodenum. also secretes hormones into the blood that help to maintain glucose homeostasis

Back 16

pancreas

Front 17

the top portion of the small intestine. about 12 finger's breadth long in ancient terminology

Back 17

duodenum

Front 18

the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.

Back 18

jejunum

Front 19

the last segment of the small intestine

Back 19

ileum

Front 20

the sphincter separating the small and large intestines

Back 20

ileocecal

Front 21

the lower portion of intestine that completes the digestive process. 4 segments

Back 21

large intestine or colon. 4 segments: ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon.

Front 22

a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the colon that stores lymph cells

Back 22

appendix

Front 23

the muscular terminal part of the intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Back 23

rectum

Front 24

the terminal outlet of the GI tract

Back 24

anus

Front 25

all the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food

Back 25

digestive system

Front 26

the ability of the GI tract muscles to move

Back 26

motility

Front 27

the semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

Back 27

chyme

Front 28

wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along

Back 28

peristalsis

Front 29

a periodic squeezing or partioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles

Back 29

segmentation

Front 30

a backward flow

Back 30

reflux

Front 31

a compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process

Back 31

catalyst

Front 32

the unit of measure expressing a substance's acidity or alkalinity

Back 32

pH

Front 33

proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds

Back 33

digestive enzymes

Front 34

a word ending denoting an enzyme

Back 34

-ase

Front 35

an enzyme that hydrolyzes carbs

Back 35

carbohydrase

Front 36

an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids

Back 36

lipase

Front 37

an enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins

Back 37

protease

Front 38

a chemical reaction in which a major reactant is split into two products, with the addition of a hydrogen atom to one and hydroxyl group to the other

Back 38

hydrolysis

Front 39

waste matter discharged from the colon, aka feces

Back 39

stools

Front 40

cells or groups of cells that secrete materials for special uses in the body.

Back 40

glands. may be exocrine glands secreting their materials out into the digestive tract or onto the surface of the skin or endocrine glands, secreting their materials into the blood.

Front 41

exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth

Back 41

salivary glands

Front 42

the secretion of the salivary glands. its principal enzyme begins carb disgestion

Back 42

saliva

Front 43

exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach

Back 43

gastric glands

Front 44

the digestive secretion of the gastric glands of the stomach

Back 44

gastric juice

Front 45

an acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms that is normally produced by the gastric glands

Back 45

hydrochloric acid

Front 46

a slippery substance secreted by cells of the gi lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices.

Back 46

mucus. the lining of the gi tract with its coat of mucus is a mucous membrane

Front 47

the organ that manufactures bile

Back 47

liver

Front 48

an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed.

Back 48

bile

Front 49

a substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing of oils and fats in a watery solution

Back 49

emulsifier

Front 50

the exocrine secretion of the pancreas, containing enzymes for the digestion of carb, fat, protein as well as bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent. this flows from the pancreas into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct.

Back 50

pancreatic juice

Front 51

an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice

Back 51

bicarbonate

Front 52

fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine

Back 52

villi

Front 53

tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells

Back 53

microvilli

Front 54

tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine

Back 54

crypts

Front 55

cells of the gi tract and lungs that secrete mucus

Back 55

goblet cells

Front 56

the large primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries

Back 56

aorta

Front 57

vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues

Back 57

arteries

Front 58

small vessels that branch from an artery. they connect arteries to veins. exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across these walls

Back 58

capillaries

Front 59

vessels that carry blood to the heart

Back 59

veins

Front 60

the vein that collects blood from the gi tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver

Back 60

hepatic portal vein

Front 61

the vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and returns it to the heart

Back 61

hepatic vein

Front 62

a loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart.

Back 62

lymphatic system. the gi part of the lymphatic system carries the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream.

Front 63

a clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except thtat it contains no red blood cells or platelets.

Back 63

lymph. lymph from the gi tract transports fat and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels

Front 64

the main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein

Back 64

thoracic duct

Front 65

the vein that provides passageway from the lymphatic system to the vascular system

Back 65

subclavian

Front 66

bacteria in the intestines are sometimes referred to as:

Back 66

flora or microflora

Front 67

food componenets like fibers, that arent digested in the small intestine, but are used instead as food by bacteria to encourage their growth

Back 67

prebiotics

Front 68

living microorganisms found in foods that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health

Back 68

probiotics

Front 69

the maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body's control systems.

Back 69

homeostasis

Front 70

chemical messengers

Back 70

hormones

Front 71

a hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall. target organ: the glands of the stomach response: secretion of gastric acid

Back 71

gastrin

Front 72

a hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall. target organ: pancreas. response: secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Back 72

secretin

Front 73

a hormone produced by cells of the intestinal wall. target organ: the gallbladder. reponse: release of bile and slowing of gi motility.

Back 73

cck, cholecystrokinin